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Measurement of host\u2010based biomarkers is an emerging area of research in infectious diseases; however, a reliable biomarker for rabies remains elusive. In this study, neurofilament light chain (NfL), an established marker of neuronal injury, has been investigated as a potential diagnostic marker for rabies. NfL levels were measured using the Simoa NfL v2 kit in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples received for routine diagnostic testing from encephalitis cases (rabies, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200931; other encephalitides, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930) and controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924). The median serum NfL level in the rabies group was significantly higher than that in the control group (adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u200a\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as well as the other encephalitides group (adjusted <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024). Furthermore, the median CSF NfL level in the rabies group was significantly higher than that in the other encephalitides group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There were no significant differences in serum or CSF NfL levels in rabies cases with different clinical presentations, prior vaccination status, or incubation period. These findings demonstrate for the first time that rabies can be differentiated from other causes of encephalitis by extremely high NfL levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.13201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T05:18:38Z","timestamp":1738905518000},"page":"212-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurofilament Light Chain: A Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Rabies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3834-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayana","family":"Siddalingaiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6124-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lonika","family":"Lodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2018-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoor Ananda","family":"Ashwini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shubhangi","family":"Chandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sathya Priya","family":"Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parthipulli Vasuki","family":"Prathyusha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Damodar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarada","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reeta S.","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurovirology National Institute of Mental Health &amp; Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WHO WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: WHO TRS N\u00b01012; 2018 accessed July 5 2023 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-TRS-1012."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"National Action Plan for Dog Mediated Rabies Elimination From India by 2030 | National Centre for Disease Control 2021 accessed March 31 2023 https:\/\/ncdc.gov.in\/WriteReadData\/linkimages\/NationalActiopPlan.pdf."},{"volume-title":"Laboratory Techniques in Rabies","year":"2019","author":"Rupprecht C. 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