{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:13:35Z","timestamp":1770228815333,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Influenza A and B viruses cause annual epidemics and continue to pose global public health concerns. The most effective approach to preventing or mitigating the severity of influenza is vaccination. Inactivated split influenza HA vaccines are commonly used worldwide due to their strong safety profile and broad range of target groups; however, their efficacy is suboptimal, especially in the elderly. Adjuvants are used to enhance the effectiveness of some influenza vaccines, but few adjuvants have been approved for human vaccines. Previously, we identified hydroxypropyl cellulose as a promising adjuvant for the split influenza HA vaccine for the 2015\u20132016 and 2016\u20132017 influenza seasons. Here, we evaluated whether hydroxypropyl cellulose could enhance the efficacy of the quadrivalent split HA vaccine for the 2023\u20132024 influenza season, which contains the HA proteins of A\/Victoria\/4897\/2022 (H1N1)pdm09 and three other strains. Using a mouse model, we performed immunogenicity studies and assessed protective efficacy against challenges with homologous and heterologous H1N1pdm09 virus strains. We found that hydroxypropyl cellulose in combination with the HA vaccine generated higher virus\u2010specific IgG antibody titers compared to the vaccine alone. The adjuvanted vaccine provided complete protection against homologous challenge and enhanced viral clearance from respiratory organs. Notably, the adjuvanted vaccine demonstrated cross\u2010protective efficacy against heterologous H1N1pdm09 virus challenge, improving survival rates compared to vaccine alone. Our results demonstrate that hydroxypropyl cellulose has potential as an adjuvant for current seasonal influenza vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T05:29:55Z","timestamp":1764653395000},"page":"68-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Enhances Immune Responses to the Current Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0974-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nantaporn","family":"Kaewaroon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Disease The University of Osaka Suita Osaka Japan"},{"name":"National Vaccine Institute, Mueang Nonthaburi Nonthaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2020-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Disease The University of Osaka Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luthfi","family":"Muawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Disease The University of Osaka Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8783-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shintaro","family":"Shichinohe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Disease The University of Osaka Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tokiko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Disease The University of Osaka Suita Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) The University of Osaka Suita Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD) The University of Osaka Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization WHO Fact Sheets 28 February 2025 Influenza\u2010Seasonal accessed October2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1423153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1983387"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17986-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-025-00126-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02067-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80895-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040753"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cRecommended Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in The 2023\u20102024 Northern Hemisphere Influenza Season \u201d (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cRecommended Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in The 2024\u20102025 Northern Hemisphere Influenza Season \u201d (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cRecommended Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in The 2025\u2010 2026 Northern Hemisphere Influenza Season \u201d (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"N.SaitouandM.Nei \u201cThe Neighbor\u2010Joining Method: A New Method for Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees\u2019 \u201d (1987)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Kimura \u201cJournal of Molecular Evolution A Simple Method for Estimating Evolutionary 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