{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:38:39Z","timestamp":1770226719615,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cattle exhibit distinct immune system features, including ultra\u2010long IGH CDR3 regions, which are characteristic of their adaptive immunity. However, less is known about the diversity and functional aspects of their T cell receptor (TCR) \u03b2 chain complementarity\u2010determining region 3 (CDR3) repertoire. This study aimed to investigate the features of the TCR \u03b2 chain CDR3 repertoire in cattle using high throughput sequencing. The spleen tissue samples were collected from cattle, and the TCR \u03b2 CDR3 repertoires were constructed using high\u2010throughput sequencing. Key attributes analyzed included CDR3 length distribution, V and J gene usage, sequence diversity, and specific amino acid enrichment. The analysis also incorporated the impact of recombination signal sequences (RSS) quality and the physical distance on the rearrangement of germline genes. Frequently utilized V and J genes included TRBV7, TRBV6, TRBV14, TRBV21, TRBV29, TRBV5, TRBJ2\u20102, and TRBJ1\u20102. A bias in TRBV gene rearrangement was identified, influenced by RSS quality, where genes with RSS information content (RIC) scores below \u221245 showed reduced rearrangement frequency. The CDR3 length distribution displayed a bell\u2010shaped curve, with a preference for the amino acids serine (S), glycine (G), and alanine (A). Compared to humans and mice, cattle exhibited lower diversity in their TCR \u03b2 CDR3 repertoire and a higher proportion of dominant clones. This study provides insights into the TCR \u03b2 CDR3 repertoire in cattle, enhancing our understanding of the species\u2019 adaptive immune system. These findings offer valuable insights for future research on the immune repertoire in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T07:16:04Z","timestamp":1765178164000},"page":"103-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of the Cattle TCR \u03b2 CDR3 Repertoire and Gene Rearrangement Bias Influenced by Recombination Signal Sequences and Physical Distance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Fengli","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation &amp; Practice Base for Graduate Students Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, and Precision Medicine Center, Yaan People's Hospital (Yaan Hospital of West China Hospital) Sichuan University Yaan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunlan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation &amp; Practice Base for Graduate Students Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation &amp; Practice Base for Graduate Students Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation &amp; Practice Base for Graduate Students Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6960-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinsheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation &amp; Practice Base for Graduate Students Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation &amp; Practice Base for Graduate Students Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxr078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003650"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-017-0379-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-015-4930-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117457"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1147859"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"V.Nazarov V.Tsvetkov andE. I.RumynskiyBioinformatics Analysis of T\u2010Cell and B\u2010Cell Immune Repertoires [R package immunarch version 0.6.5] 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000002839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.092924.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Preliminary Analysis of Spatial\u2010Temporal Homogeneity and Heterogeneity of TCR \u03b2 Chain CDR3 Repertoires in BALB\/C Mice","volume":"10","author":"Li Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29544"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01925-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/311727a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304048110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0296-2_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2016.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-022-01261-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.8.3801"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.170753.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07022-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.05.003"}],"container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70033","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70033","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:54:30Z","timestamp":1770184470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1348-0421.70033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70033","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-5600","1348-0421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-5600","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-0421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}