{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:20:16Z","timestamp":1791958816936,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic skin and subcutaneous infection mainly caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Fonsecaea pedrosoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a dematiaceous fungus with various morphotypes. Characteristic sclerotic cells\u2014globe\u2010shaped, multiseptated and pigmented\u2014are found in lesions of infected individuals, though their differentiation in the host remains poorly understood. To evaluate in vitro activity of five antifungal drugs\u2014itraconazole (ITZ), posaconazole (PCZ), voriconazole (VCZ), fluconazole (FCZ), and caspofungin (CAS)\u2014against\n                    <jats:italic>Fonsecaea<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. conidia or sclerotic cells, assessing their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) and correlated the ITZ MIC with patients' clinical evolution. Forty\u2010three clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Fonsecaea spp<\/jats:italic>\n                    . and the\n                    <jats:italic>F. pedrosoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain ATCC 46428 were assessed for susceptibility to ITZ, PCZ, VCZ, FCZ, and CAS following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (CLSI) (document M38\u2010A2). MIC values were determined after 5 days of incubation at 30\u00b0C, followed by MFC determination, with geometric mean MIC (GMMIC) and MFC (GMMFC) used for comparison. PCZ was the most effective antifungal drug, with geometric mean MICs of 0.3\u2009\u00b5g\/mL (conidia) and 1\u2009\u00b5g\/mL (sclerotic), and MFCs of 2.98 and 6.72\u2009\u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Clinical follow\u2010up revealed that higher ITZ MIC values (0.9\u2009\u00b5g\/mL) correlated with poor patient outcomes compared to lower values in improved or cured patients. These findings highlight PCZ and VCZ as promising options for CBM treatment, especially for patients not responding to ITZ.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:26:31Z","timestamp":1766985991000},"page":"139-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Activities of Five Antifungal Drugs Against Conidia and Sclerotic Cells of Chromoblastomycosis Agent\n                    <i>Fonsecaea<\/i>\n                    spp"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7958-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline Barral","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Dermato\u2010Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA) Marituba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella Paternostro de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Gris\u00f3lia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Dermato\u2010Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA) Marituba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moises Batista da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Dermato\u2010Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA) Marituba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naila Ferreira da","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Dermato\u2010Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA) Marituba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e2mela Miranda da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Dermato\u2010Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA) Marituba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Fagundes da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Dermato\u2010Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA) Marituba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio Guedes","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Dermato\u2010Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA) Marituba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70195-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2008.01025.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30306-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000700009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Medical Mycology the Pathogenic Fungi and Pathogenic Actinomycetes","author":"Rippon J. 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