{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:47:21Z","timestamp":1782211641247,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ross River virus (RRV), a mosquito\u2010borne alphavirus of the Togaviridae family, is the causative agent of Ross River fever a debilitating infectious disease characterized by fever, rash, and persistent polyarthritis. The virus remains endemic across Australia and the Pacific regions, with sporadic outbreaks reported in new geographic areas due to climate change and increased mosquito activity. Despite its growing public health impact, no licensed vaccine or antiviral therapy currently exists, underscoring the urgent need for an effective preventive strategy. In this study, an immunoinformatics\u2010based approach was employed to design a novel multi\u2010epitope vaccine (MEV) against RRV, where conserved and antigenic cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte (CTL), helper T\u2010lymphocyte (HTL), and B\u2010cell epitopes were predicted from structural proteins (capsid and envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2) as well as selected non\u2010structural protein regions, followed by their rational assembly into a vaccine construct using appropriate linkers and an immune\u2010stimulatory adjuvant. Conserved and antigenic cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte (CTL), helper T\u2010lymphocyte (HTL), and B\u2010cell epitopes were predicted from structural and non\u2010structural proteins and linked with appropriate linkers, while \u03b2\u2010defensin was incorporated as an adjuvant to enhance immunogenicity. The vaccine construct underwent modeling, refinement, and structural validation using PSIPRED, AlphaFold, and GalaxyRefine. Molecular docking analyses with immune receptors (TLR8 and HLA) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations evaluated receptor binding affinity and structural stability. The C\u2010ImmSim server was used to simulate immune responses, and codon optimization ensured suitability for\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. The designed MEV exhibited strong antigenicity (0.79), stability, and solubility, with a molecular weight of ~30\u2009kDa and theoretical pI of 9.98. Structural validation revealed over 95% of residues in favored Ramachandran regions, and docking analysis showed predicted interaction with TLR8 (\u2212\u20091712.2\u2009kJ\/mol). MD simulations confirmed stable complex formation, while immune simulations predicted robust and long\u2010lasting humoral and cellular immune responses with elevated IgG, IFN\u2010\u03b3, and memory B\/T\u2010cell populations. The designed MEV demonstrates promising antigenic, structural, and immunological properties, making it a potential vaccine candidate for further in vitro and in vivo evaluation against Ross River virus infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T09:56:17Z","timestamp":1782208577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antigenic Multi\u2010Epitope Vaccine Against Ross River Virus Using Capsid and Envelope Proteins via Immunoinformatics and Reverse Vaccinology Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Elham Mohammed","family":"Khatrawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences Taibah University, College of Medicine Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0298-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Luqman","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4662-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hind","family":"Althagafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda A.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030357","article-title":"Ross River Virus Infection: A Cross\u2010Disciplinary Review With a Veterinary Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Yuen K. 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