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A prime\u2010boost injection is often administered intramuscularly in the neck and the hip in calves. However, no guidelines have established whether the same vaccination sites could be used for booster vaccinations. This study investigated the influence of intramuscular administration sites for sequential vaccines on immune responses in calves. All calves received the primary live\u2010attenuated viral vaccine into the left side of the neck. Four weeks later, the booster was administered at the same site as the primary vaccine (local boost group) or in the right hip (distal boost group). The neutralizing antibody titers did not differ significantly between the groups. To assess T\u2010cell responses to viral antigens after booster vaccination, the expression levels of lymphocyte activation markers CD25 and CD69 were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The site of booster administration had no significant effect on the activation of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Furthermore, vaccine\u2010induced production of interferon\u2010\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, and interleukin\u20106 in PBMC culture supernatants did not differ significantly between the groups. This study detected no significant differences in vaccine\u2010specific immune responses between the local and distal booster vaccination sites in calves.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:54:09Z","timestamp":1784289249000},"page":"427-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Responses to Live\u2010Attenuated Prime\u2010Boost Vaccination Are Independent of Injection Site in Calves"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Mari","family":"Ikehata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Okagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Business Development Unit FASMAC Co. 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