{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:07:59Z","timestamp":1789402079142,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>bulgaricus<\/jats:italic>\n                    OLL1073R\u20101 have been reported to exert immunomodulatory effects, primarily in antiviral responses; however, their role in antibacterial host defense remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether EPS enhance macrophage\u2010mediated killing of\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a facultative intracellular pathogen, using an in vitro co\u2010culture system with NK\u2010like cells. EPS alone did not enhance the intracellular bactericidal activity of macrophages. In contrast, EPS significantly increased bacterial killing when macrophages were co\u2010cultured with NK\u2010like cells. Mechanistically, EPS induced interleukin (IL)\u221212 expression in macrophages, while interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 production was not detected when macrophages or NK\u2010like cells were cultured separately, but was significantly induced in the co\u2010culture system. Neutralization of IL\u201012 or IFN\u2010\u03b3 significantly abrogated the EPS\u2010mediated enhancement of bactericidal activity, indicating that both cytokines are required for this effect. These findings support a model in which EPS stimulate macrophages to produce IL\u201012, leading to NK cell activation and subsequent IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2013dependent enhancement of macrophage bactericidal function. Our results reveal a previously uncharacterized role of probiotic\u2010derived EPS in promoting antibacterial immunity through macrophage\u2013NK cell crosstalk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:55:43Z","timestamp":1789401343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exopolysaccharides From\n                    <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii<\/i>\n                    subsp.\n                    <i>bulgaricus<\/i>\n                    OLL1073R\u20101 Enhance Macrophage Bactericidal Activity Through IL\u201012\u2010Dependent Macrophage\u2013NK Cell Crosstalk"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chikara","family":"Kohda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Showa Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-9778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Showa Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Showa Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Showa Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasunari","family":"Matsuzaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Showa Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellness Science Labs Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd. Tokyo Hachioji Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Sashihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellness Science Labs Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd. Tokyo Hachioji Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Kuwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology Showa Medical University School of Dentistry Tokyo Shinagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1153-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Iyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Showa Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Showa Medical University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2025.105581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451000173X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72560-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10376"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13649"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-121808-102135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000317635"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00662.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(03)00043-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17308-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2026.107154"}],"container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70090","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70090","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:55:44Z","timestamp":1789401344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1348-0421.70090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70090","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-5600","1348-0421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-5600","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-0421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1348-0421.70090"}}