{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:42:54Z","timestamp":1792665774375,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chlorine dioxide (ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is used as a disinfectant in food and environmental sanitation. However, information regarding its efficacy against enterohemorrhagic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EHEC) under organic load conditions remains limited. This study evaluated the bactericidal activity of aqueous ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    against clinically important EHEC serogroups and compared its efficacy with that of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). Additionally, other bacterial strains, including enteropathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EPEC),\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia albertii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    type strains, were also examined. Under organic load conditions, treatment with 100 ppm NaClO resulted in only minor reductions (&lt;\u20091 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/mL) within 60\u2009s for all strains tested. In contrast, 10 ppm ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduced the\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    type strain and\n                    <jats:italic>E. albertii<\/jats:italic>\n                    by &gt;\u20093 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/mL, while 100 ppm ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduced all tested strains to below the detection limit (&gt;\u20096 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/mL reduction). EHEC and EPEC strains showed lower susceptibility to 10 ppm ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.2\u20131.3 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/mL reduction) but were reduced to below the detection limit by 100 ppm ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Time\u2010course assay further demonstrated that 100 and 30 ppm ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    inactivated &gt;\u20096 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/mL of EHEC within 15 and 30\u2009s, respectively, whereas NaClO showed only limited bactericidal activity over the same period. These results demonstrate that ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    provides substantially greater and more rapid bactericidal activity than NaClO against EHEC in the presence of organic matter. The findings provide quantitative evidence of the concentration\u2010 and time\u2010dependent bactericidal efficacy of ClO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and provide fundamental information for future studies evaluating its potential application in food hygiene and environmental sanitation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:23:46Z","timestamp":1792664626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chlorine Dioxide Is an Effective Disinfectant Against Enterohemorrhagic\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    , Enteropathogenic\n                    <i>E. coli<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Escherichia albertii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Hinenoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Science Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Asia Health Science Research Institute Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1606-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharda Prasad","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Science Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Asia Health Science Research Institute Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanori","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2337-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Donzeli","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noritoshi","family":"Hatanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Science Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Asia Health Science Research Institute Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Veterinary Science Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Asia Health Science Research Institute Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2025 \u201cWHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Diseases Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2022\u20132030 \u201d Last updated on May 29 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/foodborne-diseases-estimates."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03378-14","article-title":"Shiga Toxin 2a in Escherichia albertii","volume":"53","author":"Brandal L. T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.67.204","article-title":"Shiga Toxin 2f\u2010Producing Escherichia albertii From a Symptomatic Human","volume":"67","author":"Murakami K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.186","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of an Escherichia albertii Strain Producing Three Different Toxins From a Child With Diarrhea","volume":"70","author":"Hinenoya A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1086\/466536","article-title":"Non\u2010O157 Shiga Toxin\u2013Producing Escherichia coli Infections in the United States, 1983\u20132002","volume":"192","author":"Brooks J. 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C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02850.x","article-title":"Degradation of the Poliovirus 1 Genome by Chlorine Dioxide","volume":"100","author":"Simonet J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00412-3","article-title":"A Bayesian Method of Estimating Kinetic Parameters for the Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts With Chlorine Dioxide and Ozone","volume":"37","author":"Sivaganesan M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2005.047","article-title":"Comparison of Disinfectants for Biofilm, Protozoa and Legionella Control","volume":"3","author":"Loret J. F.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Water and Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.923964","article-title":"Fundamental Differences in Inactivation Mechanisms of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Between Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Hypochlorite","volume":"13","author":"Bridges D. F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2014.294","article-title":"Chlorine Dioxide Is a Better Disinfectant Than Sodium Hypochlorite Against Multi\u2010Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"68","author":"Hinenoya A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed","author":"Clesceri L. 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G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT \u2013 Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111057","article-title":"Development of a Novel Modified Selective Medium Cefixime\u2013Tellurite\u2010Phosphate\u2010Xylose\u2010Rhamnose Macconkey Agar for Isolation of Escherichia albertii and Its Evaluation With Food Samples","volume":"430","author":"Takehira K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70098","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70098","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:23:50Z","timestamp":1792664630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1348-0421.70098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1348-0421.70098","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0385-5600","1348-0421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0385-5600","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-0421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1348-0421.70098"}}