{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:22:14Z","timestamp":1791325334315,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Functional Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Investigation into the development of oxygen storage capacity in air\u2010breathing marine predators has been performed, but little is known about the development of regulatory factors that influence oxygen utilization. Strategies for efficiently using oxygen stores should enable marine predators to optimize time spent foraging underwater.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>We describe the developmental patterns of oxygen use during voluntary breath\u2010holds in northern elephant seals (<jats:italic>Mirounga angustirostris<\/jats:italic>) at 2 and 7\u00a0weeks postweaning. We measured (i) changes in oxygen consumption (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and (ii) changes in venous pH, partial pressure of oxygen (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), haemoglobin saturation (sO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), oxygen content (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>ct), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), haematocrit (Hct) and total haemoglobin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tH<\/jats:styled-content>b). To examine the effect of the dive response on the development of oxygen utilization, voluntary breath\u2010hold experiments were conducted in and out of water.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Suppression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during voluntary breath\u2010holds increased significantly between 2 and 7\u00a0weeks postweaning, reaching a maximum suppression of 53% below resting metabolic rate and 56% below Kleiber's standard metabolic rate. From 2 to 7\u00a0weeks postweaning, breath\u2010hold <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was reduced by 52%. Between the two age classes, this equates to a mean breath\u2010hold <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reduction of 16% from resting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Breath\u2010hold <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> also declined with increasing breath\u2010hold duration, but there was no direct effect of voluntary submergence on reducing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Age did not influence rates of venous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>O<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> depletion during breath\u2010holds. However, voluntary submergence did result in slower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>O<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> depletion rates when compared with voluntary terrestrial apnoeas. The differences in whole\u2010body VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during breath\u2010holds (measured at recovery) and venous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>O<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (reflective of tissue O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010use measured during breath\u2010holds) likely reflect metabolic suppression in hypoxic, vasoconstricted tissues.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Consistent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> values at the end of all voluntary breath\u2010holds (59\u00b70\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00\u00b77\u00a0mmH<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>) suggest the physiological cue for stimulating respiration in northern elephant seal pups is the accumulation of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Oxygen storage capacity and metabolic suppression directly limit diving capabilities and may influence foraging success in low\u2010weaning weight seals forced to depart to sea prior to achieving full developmental diving capacity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T12:14:15Z","timestamp":1370866455000},"page":"1155-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Development enhances hypometabolism in northern elephant seal pups (<i>Mirounga angustirostris<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Tift","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Sonoma State University 1801 East Cotati Ave Rohnert Park California 94928 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Ranalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Sonoma State University 1801 East Cotati Ave Rohnert Park California 94928 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorian S.","family":"Houser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Marine Mammal Foundation 2240 Shelter Island Drive #200 San Diego California 92106 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudy M.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences University of California 5200\u00a0N. 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