{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:59:21Z","timestamp":1782413961223,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003137","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Functional Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Competitor, stress\u2010tolerator, ruderal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSR<\/jats:styled-content>) theory is a prominent plant functional strategy scheme previously applied to local floras. Globally, the wide geographic and phylogenetic coverage of available values of leaf area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LA<\/jats:styled-content>), leaf dry matter content (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDMC<\/jats:styled-content>) and specific leaf area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLA<\/jats:styled-content>) (representing, respectively, interspecific variation in plant size and conservative <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. acquisitive resource economics) promises the general application of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSR<\/jats:styled-content> strategies across biomes, including the tropical forests hosting a large proportion of Earth's diversity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We used trait variation for 3068 tracheophytes (representing 198 families, six continents and 14 biomes) to create a globally calibrated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSR<\/jats:styled-content> strategy calculator tool and investigate strategy\u2013environment relationships across biomes world\u2010wide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Due to disparity in trait availability globally, co\u2010inertia analysis was used to check correspondence between a \u2018wide geographic coverage, few traits\u2019 data set and a \u2018restricted coverage, many traits\u2019 subset of 371 species for which 14 whole\u2010plant, flowering, seed and leaf traits (including leaf nitrogen content) were available. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSR<\/jats:styled-content> strategy\/environment relationships within biomes were investigated using fourth\u2010corner and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RLQ<\/jats:styled-content> analyses to determine strategy\/climate specializations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Strong, significant concordance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RV<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a00\u00b7597; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00\u00b70001) was evident between the 14 trait multivariate space and when only <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LA<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> LDMC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLA<\/jats:styled-content> were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Biomes such as tropical moist broadleaf forests exhibited strategy convergence (i.e. clustered around a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSR<\/jats:styled-content> median; C:S:R\u00a0=\u00a043:42:15%), with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010selection associated with warm, stable situations (lesser temperature seasonality), with greater annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Other biomes were characterized by strategy divergence: for example, deserts varied between xeromorphic perennials such as <jats:italic>Larrea divaricata,<\/jats:italic> classified as S\u2010selected (C:S:R\u00a0=\u00a01:99:0%) and broadly R\u2010selected annual herbs (e.g. <jats:italic>Claytonia perfoliata<\/jats:italic>; R\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010selected; C:S:R\u00a0=\u00a021:0:79%). Strategy convergence was evident for several growth habits (e.g. trees) but not others (forbs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSR<\/jats:styled-content> strategies of vascular plants can now be compared quantitatively within and between biomes at the global scale. Through known linkages between underlying leaf traits and growth rates, herbivory and decomposition rates, this method and the strategy\u2013environment relationships it elucidates will help to predict which kinds of species may assemble in response to changes in biogeochemical cycles, climate and land use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T15:05:18Z","timestamp":1470236718000},"page":"444-457","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":514,"title":["A global method for calculating plant <scp>CSR<\/scp> ecological strategies applied across biomes world\u2010wide"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA) University of Milan Via G. 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