{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:40:02Z","timestamp":1787013602053,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]],"date-time":"2015-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"US Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRI 2008-00622 20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRI 2008-00622 20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"US Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2008-01785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008-01785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"US Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2013-04712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-04712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"US Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["STAR R83-3835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STAR R83-3835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"US Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CAREER 83518801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAREER 83518801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["EF-1241889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF-1241889"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>There is growing interest in the role that life\u2010history traits of hosts, such as their \u2018pace\u2010of\u2010life\u2019, play in the evolution of resistance and tolerance to parasites.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Theory suggests that, relative to host species that have high syntopy (local spatial and temporal overlap) with parasites, host species with low syntopy should have lower selection pressures for more constitutive (always present) and costly defences, such as tolerance, and greater reliance on more inducible and cheaper defences, such as behaviour. Consequently, we postulated that the degree of host\u2013parasite syntopy, which is negatively correlated with host pace\u2010of\u2010life (an axis reflecting the developmental rate of tadpoles and the inverse of their size at metamorphosis) in our tadpole\u2013parasitic cercarial (trematode) system, would be a negative and positive predictor of behavioural resistance and tolerance, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>To test these hypotheses, we exposed seven tadpole species to a range of parasite (cercarial) doses crossed with anaesthesia treatments that controlled for anti\u2010parasite behaviour. We quantified host behaviour, successful and unsuccessful infections, and each species\u2019 reaction norm for behavioural resistance and tolerance, defined as the slope between cercarial exposure (or attempted infections) and anti\u2010cercarial behaviours and mass change, respectively. Hence, tolerance is capturing any cost of parasite exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>As hypothesized, tadpole pace\u2010of\u2010life was a significant positive predictor of behavioural resistance and negative predictor of tolerance, a result that is consistent with a trade\u2010off between behavioural resistance and tolerance across species that warrants further investigation. Moreover, these results were robust to considerations of phylogeny, all possible re\u2010orderings of the three fastest or slowest paced species, and various measurements of tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>These results suggest that host pace\u2010of\u2010life and host\u2013parasite syntopy are powerful drivers of both the strength and type of host defence strategies against parasites. Future research should evaluate how often and how strongly host pace\u2010of\u2010life and host\u2013parasite syntopy are correlated and which is the better predictor of the strength and type of host investments in anti\u2010parasite defences.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]],"date-time":"2015-01-13T02:36:49Z","timestamp":1421116609000},"page":"625-636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Host life history and host\u2013parasite syntopy predict behavioural resistance and tolerance of parasites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Brittany F.","family":"Sears","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul 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