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Plants therefore require defence strategies effective against a broad range of herbivore species. In one extreme, plants could develop a single universal defence effective against all herbivorous insects, or tailor\u2010made strategies for each herbivore species. The evolution and ecology of plant defence has to be studied with entire insect assemblages, rather than small subsets of pairwise interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The present study examines whether specialists and generalists in three coexisting insect lineages, forming the leaf\u2010chewing guild, respond uniformly to plant phylogeny, secondary metabolites, nutrient content and mechanical antiherbivore defences of their hosts, thus permitting universal plant defence strategies against specialized and generalist folivorous insects from various taxa.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          The extensive data on folivorous assemblages comprising three insect orders and 193 species are linked with plant phylogeny, secondary chemistry (salicylates, flavonoids and tannins), leaf morphological traits [specific leaf area (SLA) and trichome coverage], nutrient (C\u00a0:\u00a0N) content and growth form of eight willow (\n                          <jats:italic>Salix<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) and one aspen (\n                          <jats:italic>Populus<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) species growing in sympatry.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Generalists responded to overall host plant chemistry and trichomes, whilst specialists responded to host plant phylogeny and secondary metabolites that are unique to willows and that are capable of being utilized as an antipredator protection. We did not find any significant impact of other plant traits, that is SLA, C\u00a0:\u00a0N ratio, flavonoids, tannins and growth form, on the composition of leaf\u2010chewing communities.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our results show that the response to plant traits is differential among specialists and generalists. This finding constrains the ability of plants to develop defensive traits universally effective against herbivores and may lead to diversification of plant defensive mechanisms into several complementary syndromes, required for effective protection against generalists and specialists from multiple insect taxa comprising most leaf\u2010chewing assemblages. These results point to the necessity of broad studies of plant\u2013herbivore interactions, across multiple insect taxa and guilds.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T11:26:39Z","timestamp":1422962799000},"page":"1123-1132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["To each its own: differential response of specialist and generalist herbivores to plant defence in willows"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Volf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre The Czech Academy of Sciences Branisovska 31 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hrcek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre The Czech Academy of Sciences Branisovska 31 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Julkunen\u2010Tiitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Eastern Finland Yliopistukatu 7 Box 111 80101 Joensuu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vojtech","family":"Novotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre The Czech Academy of Sciences Branisovska 31 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"Natural selection on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) by a community of specialized insect herbivores","volume":"7","author":"Agrawal A.A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[132:PDS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2008.00690.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5310.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608253104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-6-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User's Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4.5)","author":"ter Braak C.J.F.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0030-1299.14928.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Colwell R.K.(2006)Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. 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