{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:23:07Z","timestamp":1792786987827,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF grant","award":["1209072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1209072"]}]},{"name":"Drexel start-up funds"},{"name":"Organization for Tropical Studies through the Christiane and Christopher Tyson Research Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Models that predict organismal and population responses to climate change may be improved by considering ecological factors that affect species thermal tolerance. Species differences in microhabitat use can expose animals to diverse thermal selective environments at a given site and may cause sympatric species to evolve different thermal tolerances.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We tested the hypothesis that species differences in body size and microhabitat use (above\u2010 vs. below\u2010ground activity) would correspond to differences in thermal tolerance (maximum critical temperatures:\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          ). Thermal buffering effects of soil can reduce exposure to extreme high temperatures for below\u2010ground active species. We predicted larger\u2010bodied individuals and species would have higher\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          and that species mean\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          would covary positively with degree of above\u2010ground activity. We used Neotropical army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) as models. Army ants vary in microhabitat use from largely subterranean to largely above\u2010ground active species and are highly size polymorphic.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We collected data on above\u2010 and below\u2010ground temperatures in habitats used by army ants to test for microhabitat temperature differences, and we conducted\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          assays for army ant species with varying degrees of surface activity and with different body sizes within and between species. We then tested whether microhabitat use was associated with species differences in\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          and whether microhabitat was a better predictor of\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          than body size for species that overlapped in size.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Microhabitat use was a highly significant predictor of species' upper thermal tolerance limits, both for raw data and after accounting for the effects of phylogeny. Below\u2010ground species were more thermally sensitive, with lower maximum critical temperatures (\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          ). The smallest workers within each species were the least heat tolerant, but the magnitude of\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          change with body size was greater in below\u2010ground species. Species\u2010typical microhabitat was a stronger predictor of\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          than body size for species that overlapped in size. Compared to the soil surface, 10\u2010cm subsoil was a significantly moderated thermal environment for below\u2010ground army ants, while maximum surface raid temperatures sometimes exceeded\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                          for the most thermally sensitive army ant castes.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We conclude sympatric species differences in thermal physiology correspond to microhabitat use. These patterns should be accounted for in models of species and community responses to thermal variation and climate change.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T01:19:22Z","timestamp":1434331162000},"page":"1322-1330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["Microhabitat and body size effects on heat tolerance: implications for responses to climate change (army ants: Formicidae, Ecitoninae)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"Baudier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Science Drexel University 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB Building Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail E.","family":"Mudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Science Drexel University 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB Building Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayna C.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Science Drexel University 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB Building Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Science Drexel University 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB Building Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2013.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(01)00094-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","article-title":"Data from: Microhabitat and body size effects on heat tolerance: implications for responses to climate change (army ants: Formicidae, Ecitoninae)","author":"Baudier K.M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dryad Digital Repository"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"lme4: Linear mixed\u2010effects models using Eigen and S4","author":"Bates D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1137809100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-93"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(01)00079-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.890117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040-009-0044-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709472105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-2296.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Impostor in the Nest. 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