{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:00:49Z","timestamp":1790017249365,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004942","name":"H\u00f8gskolen i Hedmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Decreasing rate of migration in several species as a consequence of climate change and anthropic pressure, together with increasing evidence of space\u2010use strategies intermediate between residency and complete migration, are very strong motivations to evaluate migration occurrence and features in animal populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The main goal of this paper was to perform a relative comparison between methods for identifying and characterizing migration at the individual and population level on the basis of animal location data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We classified 104 yearly individual trajectories from five populations of three deer species as migratory or non\u2010migratory, by means of three methods: seasonal home range overlap, spatio\u2010temporal separation of seasonal clusters and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>et <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>quared <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>isplacement (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSD<\/jats:styled-content>) method. For migratory cases, we also measured timing and distance of migration and residence time on the summer range. Finally, we compared the classification in migration cases across methods and populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>All methods consistently identified migration at the population level, that is, they coherently distinguished between complete or almost complete migratory populations and partially migratory populations. However, in the latter case, methods coherently classified only about 50% of the single cases, that is they classified differently at the individual\u2010animal level. We therefore infer that the comparison of methods may help point to \u2018less\u2010stereotyped\u2019 cases in the residency\u2010to\u2010migration continuum. For cases consistently classified by all methods, no significant differences were found in migration distance, or residence time on summer ranges. Timing of migration estimated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSD<\/jats:styled-content> was earlier than by the other two methods, both for spring and autumn migrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We suggest three steps to identify improper inferences from migration data and to enhance understanding of intermediate space\u2010use strategies. We recommend (i) classifying migration behaviours using more than one method, (ii) performing sensitivity analysis on method parameters to identify the extent of the differences and (iii) investigating inconsistently classified cases as these may often be ecologically interesting (i.e. less\u2010stereotyped migratory behaviours).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T06:10:01Z","timestamp":1443420601000},"page":"54-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["How many routes lead to migration? Comparison of methods to assess and characterize migratory movements"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cagnacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach Via Mach 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige TN Italy"},{"name":"Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Department Harvard University 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Focardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto dei Sistemi Compessi Sezione di Firenze via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Ghisla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koloniestrasse 70 13359 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"van Moorter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) PO Box\u00a05685 Sluppen NO\u20107485 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn H.","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliezer","family":"Gurarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Heurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Documentation Bavarian Forest National Park Freyunger Str 2 94481 Grafenau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atle","family":"Mysterud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department Biosciences University of Oslo PO Box\u00a01066 Blindern NO\u20100316 Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Linnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) PO Box\u00a05685 Sluppen NO\u20107485 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Panzacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) PO Box\u00a05685 Sluppen NO\u20107485 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) PO Box\u00a05685 Sluppen NO\u20107485 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torgeir","family":"Nyg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) PO Box\u00a05685 Sluppen NO\u20107485 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Rolandsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) PO Box\u00a05685 Sluppen NO\u20107485 Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hebblewhite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach Via Mach 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige TN Italy"},{"name":"Wildlife Biology Program Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.2001.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242552"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/667590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199608898.003.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01776.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2011.19441.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","article-title":"Data from: How many routes lead to migration? 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