{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:34:07Z","timestamp":1789626847902,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"Federaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Enfermedades Raras","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The pace\u2010of\u2010life syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POLS<\/jats:styled-content>) hypothesis integrates covariation of life\u2010history traits along a fast\u2013slow continuum and covariation of behavioural traits along a proactive\u2013reactive personality continuum. Few studies have investigated these predicted life\u2010history\/personality associations among species and between sexes. Furthermore, whether and how contaminants interfere with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POLS<\/jats:styled-content> patterns remains unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>We tested for covariation patterns in life history and in behaviour, and for life\u2010history\/personality covariation among species, among individuals within species and between sexes. Moreover, we investigated whether pesticide exposure affects covariation between life history and behaviour and whether species and sexes with a faster <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POLS<\/jats:styled-content> strategy have a higher sensitivity to pesticides.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>We reared larvae of four species of <jats:italic>Ischnura<\/jats:italic> damselflies in a common garden experiment with an insecticide treatment (chlorpyrifos absent\/present) in the final instar. We measured four life\u2010history traits (larval growth rate during the pesticide treatment, larval development time, adult mass and life span) and two behavioural traits (larval feeding activity and boldness, each before and after the pesticide treatment).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>At the individual level, life\u2010history traits and behavioural traits aligned along a fast\u2013slow and a proactive\u2013reactive continuum, respectively. Species\u2010specific differences in life history, with fast\u2010lived species having a faster larval growth and development, a lower mass at emergence and a shorter life span, suggested that time constraints in the larval stage were predictably driving life\u2010history evolution both in the larval stage and across metamorphosis in the adult stage. Across species, females were consistently more slow\u2010lived than males, reflecting that a large body size and a long life span are generally more important for females. In contrast to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POLS<\/jats:styled-content> hypothesis, there was only little evidence for the expected positive coupling between life\u2010history pace and proactivity. Pesticide exposure decreased larval growth rate and affected life\u2010history\/personality covariation in the most fast\u2010lived species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Our study supports the existence of life\u2010history and behavioural continua with limited support for life\u2010history\/personality covariation. Variation in digestive physiology may explain this decoupling of life history and behaviour and provide valuable mechanistic insights to understand and predict the occurrence of life\u2010history\/personality covariation patterns.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T18:09:26Z","timestamp":1454609366000},"page":"726-738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Integrating the pace\u2010of\u2010life syndrome across species, sexes and individuals: covariation of life history and personality under pesticide exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Debecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iago","family":"Sanmart\u00edn\u2010Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Grupo ECOEVO Escola de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Forestal Universidade de Vigo Campus A Xunqueira s\/n 36005 Pontevedra Galiza Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"de Guinea\u2010Luengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Cordero\u2010Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo ECOEVO Escola de Enxe\u00f1ar\u00eda Forestal Universidade de Vigo Campus A Xunqueira s\/n 36005 Pontevedra Galiza Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robby","family":"Stoks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32, bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z92-162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4950"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1948.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Bates D. 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