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Species interactions can be difficult to predict in variable\u2010temperature environments because of thermal acclimation responses, i.e. physiological changes that allow organisms to adjust to a new temperature following a temperature shift.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The goal of this study was to determine how thermal acclimation influences host resistance to infection and to test for parasite acclimation responses, which might differ from host responses in important ways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We tested predictions of three, non\u2010mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding thermal acclimation effects on infection of green frog tadpoles (<jats:italic>Lithobates clamitans<\/jats:italic>) by the trematode parasite <jats:italic>Ribeiroia ondatrae<\/jats:italic> with fully replicated controlled\u2010temperature experiments. Trematodes or tadpoles were independently acclimated to a range of \u2018acclimation temperatures\u2019 prior to shifting them to new \u2018performance temperatures\u2019 for experimental infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Trematodes that were acclimated to intermediate temperatures (19\u201322\u00a0\u00b0C) had greater encystment success across temperatures than either cold\u2010 or warm\u2010acclimated trematodes. However, host acclimation responses varied depending on the stage of infection (encystment vs. clearance): warm\u2010 (22\u201328\u00a0\u00b0C) and cold\u2010acclimated (13\u201319\u00a0\u00b0C) tadpoles had fewer parasites encyst at warm and cold performance temperatures, respectively, whereas intermediate\u2010acclimated tadpoles (19\u201325\u00a0\u00b0C) cleared the greatest proportion of parasites in the week following exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These results suggest that tadpoles use different immune mechanisms to resist different stages of trematode infection, and that each set of mechanisms has unique responses to temperature variability. Our results highlight the importance of considering thermal responses of both parasites and hosts when predicting disease patterns in variable\u2010temperature environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]],"date-time":"2016-04-04T09:05:43Z","timestamp":1459760743000},"page":"1014-1024","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Host and parasite thermal acclimation responses depend on the stage of infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Karie A.","family":"Altman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Paull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter T. 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