{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:20:49Z","timestamp":1789687249837,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]],"date-time":"2018-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518739200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":319,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]],"date-time":"2017-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE\u20101335657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE\u20101335657"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list><jats:list-item><jats:p>Identifying mechanisms driving pathogen persistence is a vital component of wildlife disease ecology and control. Asymptomatic, chronically infected individuals are an oft\u2010cited potential reservoir of infection, but demonstrations of the importance of chronic shedding to pathogen persistence at the population\u2010level remain scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Studying chronic shedding using commonly collected disease data is hampered by numerous challenges, including short\u2010term surveillance that focuses on single epidemics and acutely ill individuals, the subtle dynamical influence of chronic shedding relative to more obvious epidemic drivers, and poor ability to differentiate between the effects of population prevalence of chronic shedding vs. intensity and duration of chronic shedding in individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>We use chronic shedding of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>eptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>serovar Pomona in California sea lions (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>alophus californianus<\/jats:italic>) as a case study to illustrate how these challenges can be addressed. Using leptospirosis\u2010induced strands as a measure of disease incidence, we fit models with and without chronic shedding, and with different seasonal drivers, to determine the time\u2010scale over which chronic shedding is detectable and the interactions between chronic shedding and seasonal drivers needed to explain persistence and outbreak patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Chronic shedding can enable persistence of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0interrogans<\/jats:italic>within the sea lion population. However, the importance of chronic shedding was only apparent when surveillance data included at least two outbreaks and the intervening inter\u2010epidemic trough during which fadeout of transmission was most likely. Seasonal transmission, as opposed to seasonal recruitment of susceptibles, was the dominant driver of seasonality in this system, and both seasonal factors had limited impact on long\u2010term pathogen persistence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>We show that the temporal extent of surveillance data can have a dramatic impact on inferences about population processes, where the failure to identify both short\u2010 and long\u2010term ecological drivers can have cascading impacts on understanding higher order ecological phenomena, such as pathogen persistence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T20:37:09Z","timestamp":1487277429000},"page":"460-472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence:<i><scp>L<\/scp>eptospira interrogans<\/i>in<scp>C<\/scp>alifornia sea lions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Buhnerkempe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California \u2013 Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine C.","family":"Prager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California \u2013 Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Strelioff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 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