{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:00:55Z","timestamp":1790420455874,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006377","name":"Purdue University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13020008231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13020008231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM109499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM109499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Coinfections are increasingly recognized as important drivers of disease dynamics. Consequently, greater emphasis has been placed on integrating principles from community ecology with disease ecology to understand within\u2010host interactions among parasites. Using larval amphibians and two amphibian parasites (ranaviruses and the trematode <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>chinoparyphium<\/jats:italic> sp.), we examined the influence of coinfection on disease outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our first objective was to examine how priority effects (the timing and sequence of parasite exposure) influence infection and disease outcomes in the laboratory. We found that interactions between the parasites were asymmetric; prior infection with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>chinoparyphium<\/jats:italic> reduced ranaviral loads by 9% but there was no reciprocal effect of prior ranavirus infection on <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>chinoparyphium<\/jats:italic> load. Additionally, survival rates of hosts (larval gray treefrogs; <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>yla versicolor<\/jats:italic>) infected with <jats:italic>Echinoparyphium<\/jats:italic> 10\u00a0days prior to virus exposure were 25% greater compared to hosts only exposed to virus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our second objective was to determine whether these patterns were generalizable to multiple amphibian species under more natural conditions. We conducted a semi\u2010natural mesocosm experiment consisting of four larval amphibian hosts [gray treefrogs, American toads (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>naxyrus americanus<\/jats:italic>), leopard frogs (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ithobates pipiens<\/jats:italic>) and spring peepers (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>seudacris crucifer<\/jats:italic>)] to examine how prior <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>chinoparyphium<\/jats:italic> infection influenced ranavirus transmission within the community, using ranavirus\u2010infected larval wood frogs (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ithobates sylvaticus<\/jats:italic>) as source of ranavirus. Consistent with the laboratory experiment, we found that prior <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>chinoparyphium<\/jats:italic> infection reduced ranaviral loads by 19 to 28% in three of the four species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Collectively, these results suggest that macroparasite infection can reduce microparasite replication rates across multiple amphibian species, possibly through cross\u2010reactive immunity. Although the immunological mechanisms driving this outcome are in need of further study, trematode infections appear to benefit hosts that are exposed to ranaviruses. Additionally, these results suggest that consideration of priority effects and timing of exposure are vital for understanding parasite interactions within hosts and disease outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]],"date-time":"2017-03-20T06:52:54Z","timestamp":1489992774000},"page":"921-931","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["The benefits of coinfection: trematodes alter disease outcomes associated with virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9479-2157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa P.","family":"Wuerthner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 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