{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:51:38Z","timestamp":1763643098029,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108\u20102311\u2010B\u2010003\u2010001\u2010MY3","MOST 108\u20102621\u2010B\u2010003\u2010003\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108\u20102311\u2010B\u2010003\u2010001\u2010MY3","MOST 108\u20102621\u2010B\u2010003\u2010003\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The level of dentition asymmetry in snail\u2010eating snakes may reflect their prey choice and feeding efficiency on asymmetric land snails. The three species of <jats:italic>Pareas<\/jats:italic> snakes (Squamata: Pareidae) in Taiwan, which form partially sympatric distribution on the island, provide a potential case to test the hypothesis of niche partitioning and character displacement with regard to dentition asymmetry and specialisation in feeding behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In this study, behavioural experiments confirmed that <jats:italic>P. formosensis<\/jats:italic> feeds exclusively on slugs, whereas <jats:italic>P. atayal<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. komaii<\/jats:italic> consumed both. However, <jats:italic>P. atayal<\/jats:italic> more efficiently preys on land snails than <jats:italic>P. komaii<\/jats:italic>, exhibiting a shorter handling time and fewer mandibular retractions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Micro\u2010CT and ancestral character reconstruction demonstrated the lowest asymmetry in <jats:italic>P. formosensis<\/jats:italic> (the slug specialist), the highest dentition asymmetry in <jats:italic>P. atayal<\/jats:italic> (the land snail specialist) and flexibility in <jats:italic>P. komaii<\/jats:italic> (the niche switcher): increased dentition asymmetry when sympatrically distributed with the slug eater (character displacement), and decreased asymmetry when living alone (ecological niche release).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Ecological niche modelling showed that the distribution of <jats:italic>P. formosensis<\/jats:italic> is associated with the presence of slugs, while that of <jats:italic>P. atayal<\/jats:italic> could be explained by the land snails.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Combining the results from morphology, phylogeny, behavioural experiments and ecological niche modelling, we showed that competition in the sympatric region might have facilitated character displacement among congeners, while the absence of competition in allopatric region has led to ecological niche release.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T04:16:04Z","timestamp":1611375364000},"page":"967-977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Niche partitioning among three snail\u2010eating snakes revealed by dentition asymmetry and prey specialisation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Kai\u2010Xiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing\u2010Hong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6771-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min\u2010Xin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih\u2010Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Life Science University of Taipei Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung Ngoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Zoology Southern Institute of Ecology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si\u2010Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60078-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2411924"},{"volume-title":"Food habits of Taiwan slug snake (Pareas formosensis)","year":"2007","author":"Cai S. 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