{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:26:04Z","timestamp":1790738764344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Species pairs that form mutualistic associations are also components of broader organismal community networks. These interaction networks have shaped the evolution of individual mutualisms through interspecific interactions ranging from secondarily mutualistic to intensely antagonistic. Our understanding of this complex context remains limited because characterizing the impacts of species interacting with focal mutualists is often difficult. How is the fitness of mutualists impacted by the co\u2010occurring interactive network of community associates?<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We investigated this context using a model interaction network comprised of a fig and fig wasp mutualist, eight non\u2010pollinating fig wasp (NPFW) antagonists\/commensals and a nematode previously believed to be associated only with the pollinator wasp mutualist.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Through repeated sampling and field observations, we characterized the ecological roles of these mutualist\u2010associated organisms to identify key antagonists. We then investigated how potential nematode infection of NPFWs could impact wasp survival across key life stages and, in turn, inferred how this influences the fitness of the fig\u2013pollinator mutualists.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Unexpectedly, we found all\n                          <jats:italic>Ficus petiolaris<\/jats:italic>\n                          \u2010associated NPFWs to be the targets for nematode infection, with infection levels sometimes exceeding that of pollinators. Experimental data collected for the most abundant NPFW species suggest that nematode infection significantly reduces their longevity. Further, comparisons of nematode loads for emerging and successfully arriving NPFWs suggest that infection severely limits their dispersal ability.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Through these observations, we conclude that this infection could impact NPFWs more severely than either mutualistic partner, suggesting a novel role of density\u2010dependent facultative mutualism between figs, pollinator wasps and the nematode. This antagonist\u2010mediated suppression of other network antagonists may present an ecologically common mechanism through which antagonists can present net benefits for mutualists' fitness.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T03:51:48Z","timestamp":1619927508000},"page":"1764-1775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differential effects of nematode infection on pollinating and non\u2010pollinating fig wasps: Can shared antagonism provide net benefits to a mutualism?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Van Goor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1796-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finn","family":"Piatscheck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panam\u00e1 Rep\u00fablica de Panam\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek D.","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences Western Colorado University Gunnison CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Nason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2390270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/707258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2013.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2020.110156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01975677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2015.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222939300770071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199675654.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2013.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00003059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.06737"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.02905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Colonization 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