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Free\u2010living stages of parasites can comprise a large portion of some predators' diets and may be important resources for population growth. Predation can also reduce the density of infectious agents in an ecosystem, with resultant decreases in infection rates. While predator\u2013parasite interactions likely vary with parasite transmission strategy, few studies have examined how variation in transmission mode influences contact rates with predators and the associated changes in consumption risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>To understand how transmission mode mediates predator\u2013parasite interactions, we examined associations between an oligochaete predator <jats:italic>Chaetogaster limnaei<\/jats:italic> that lives commensally on freshwater snails and nine trematode taxa that infect snails. <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic> is hypothesized to consume active (i.e. mobile), free\u2010living stages of trematodes that infect snails (miracidia), but not the passive infectious stages (eggs); it could thus differentially affect transmission and infection prevalence of parasites, including those with medical or veterinary importance. Alternatively, when infection does occur, <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic> can consume and respond numerically to free\u2010living trematode stages released from infected snails (cercariae). These two processes lead to contrasting predictions about whether <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic> and trematode infection of snails correlate negatively (\u2018protective predation\u2019) or positively (\u2018predator augmentation\u2019).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, we tested how parasite transmission mode affected <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic>\u2013trematode relationships using data from 20,759 snails collected across 4\u00a0years from natural ponds in California. Based on generalized linear mixed modelling, snails with more <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic> were less likely to be infected by trematodes that rely on active transmission. Conversely, infections by trematodes with passive infectious stages were positively associated with per\u2010snail <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic> abundance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our results suggest that trematode transmission mode mediates the net outcome of predation on parasites. For trematodes with active infectious stages, predatory <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic> limited the risk of snail infection and its subsequent pathology (i.e. castration). For taxa with passive infectious stages, no such protective effect was observed. Rather, infected snails were associated with higher <jats:italic>Chaetogaster<\/jats:italic> abundance, likely owing to the resource subsidy provided by cercariae. These findings highlight the ecological and epidemiological importance of predation on free\u2010living stages while underscoring the influence of parasite life history in shaping such interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T18:30:06Z","timestamp":1632162606000},"page":"35-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["It's a worm\u2010eat\u2010worm world: Consumption of parasite free\u2010living stages protects hosts and benefits predators"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5868-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan K.","family":"Hobart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2813-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wynne E.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"McDevitt\u2010Galles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6445-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara E.","family":"Stewart Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter T. 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