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Furthermore, environmental conditions can explain colour signal variation by affecting processes such as signal efficacy, thermoregulation and camouflage. The relationships between colour signals, male quality traits and environmental factors have often been analysed in isolation, but simultaneous analyses are rare. Thus, the response of multiple colour signals to variation in all these factors in an integrative analysis remains to be investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, we investigated how multiple colour signals relate to their information content, examined the role of T as a potential mediator of these relationships and how environmental factors explain colour signal variation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We performed an integrative study to examine the covariation between three colour signals (melanin\u2010based black, carotenoid\u2010based yellow\u2013orange and structural UV), physiological performance, parasitism, T levels and environmental factors (microclimate, forest cover) in male common lizards <jats:italic>Zootoca vivipara<\/jats:italic> from 13 populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We found that the three colour signals conveyed information on different aspects of male condition, supporting a multiple message hypothesis. T influenced only parasitism, suggesting that T does not directly mediate the relationships between colour signals and their information content. Moreover, colour signals became more saturated in forested habitats, suggesting an adaptation to degraded light conditions, and became generally brighter in mesic conditions, in contradiction with the thermal melanism hypothesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We show that distinct individual quality traits and environmental factors simultaneously explain variations of multiple colour signals with different production modes. Our study therefore highlights the complexity of colour signal evolution, involving various sets of selective pressures acting at the same time, but in different ways depending on colour production mechanism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T08:14:35Z","timestamp":1657872875000},"page":"1906-1917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Environmental conditions and male quality traits simultaneously explain variation of multiple colour signals in male lizards"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5556-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Badiane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRA Institut d'\u00e9cologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9az","family":"Dupou\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRA Institut d'\u00e9cologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5801-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Blaimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rider University  Lawrenceville NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5768-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald B.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University  Athens OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University  Athens OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Leroux\u2010Coyau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRA Institut d'\u00e9cologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7691-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kawamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRA Institut d'\u00e9cologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rozen\u2010Rechels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRA Institut d'\u00e9cologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0865-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Meylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRA Institut d'\u00e9cologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5238-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Clobert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Station d'Ecologie Th\u00e9orique et Exp\u00e9rimentale (SETE), USR5321, CNRS  Moulis France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5965-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Le Galliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, IRD, INRA Institut d'\u00e9cologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES)  Paris France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Exp\u00e9rimentale et Pr\u00e9dictive (CEREEP\u2010Ecotron IleDeFrance) D\u00e9partement de biologie, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure CNRS, PSL Research University  Saint\u2010Pierre\u2010l\u00e8s\u2010Nemours France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoy002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2021.0221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badiane A. 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