{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:20:15Z","timestamp":1787851215220,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000879","name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR\/132\/PI\/TILAPIA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR\/132\/PI\/TILAPIA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005027","name":"Belgisch Ontwikkelingsagentschap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1513419N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1513419N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K220314N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K220314N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOH3817N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOH3817N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009550","name":"Universiteit Hasselt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R\u20108149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u20108149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009550","name":"Universiteit Hasselt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R\u20107967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u20107967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009550","name":"Universiteit Hasselt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF20TT06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF20TT06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Many disease ecologists and conservation biologists believe that the world is wormier than it used to be\u2014that is, that parasites are increasing in abundance through time. This argument is intuitively appealing. Ecologists typically see parasitic infections, through their association with disease, as a negative endpoint, and are accustomed to attributing negative outcomes to human interference in the environment, so it slots neatly into our worldview that habitat destruction, biodiversity loss and climate change should have the collateral consequence of causing outbreaks of parasites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>But surprisingly, the hypothesis that parasites are increasing in abundance through time remains entirely untested for the vast majority of wildlife parasite species. Historical data on parasites are nearly impossible to find, which leaves no baseline against which to compare contemporary parasite burdens. If we want to know whether the world is wormier than it used to be, there is only one major research avenue that will lead to an answer: parasitological examination of specimens preserved in natural history collections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Recent advances demonstrate that, for many specimen types, it is possible to extract reliable data on parasite presence and abundance. There are millions of suitable specimens that exist in collections around the world. When paired with contemporaneous environmental data, these parasitological data could even point to potential drivers of change in parasite abundance, including climate, pollution or host density change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We explain how to use preserved specimens to address pressing questions in parasite ecology, give a few key examples of how collections\u2010based parasite ecology can resolve these questions, identify some pitfalls and workarounds, and suggest promising areas for research. Natural history specimens are \u2018parasite time capsules\u2019 that give ecologists the opportunity to test whether infectious disease is on the rise and to identify what forces might be driving these changes over time. This approach will facilitate major advances in a new sub\u2010discipline: the historical ecology of parasitism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T08:18:46Z","timestamp":1660292326000},"page":"250-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Is the world wormier than it used to be? We'll never know without natural history collections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2738-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsea L.","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten P. M.","family":"Vanhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity &amp; Toxicology Hasselt University  Diepenbeek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/280361a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/bi.v7i2.3991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1700070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f83-085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.209.3178"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es703099c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"British Columbia Lightstation. (nd).British Columbia Lightstation Sea\u2010Surface Temperature and Salinity Data (Pacific) 1914\u2013present. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/719955f2\u2010bf8e\u201044f7\u2010bc26\u20106bd623e82884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.3050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01253.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14855"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02745.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522680112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.223040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803232105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Bird collections\u2014An essential resource for collecting ectoparasites, in particular chewing lice","volume":"51","author":"Eberhard M. E. Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bonner Zoologische Beitrage"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/13-485.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210x.13705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11251"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-019-04451-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-50"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvfxvc83"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2004)002[0375:TRTOOD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1381.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biz163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-020-02288-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13875"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.16.110185.002311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01072-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02615-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2610"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/280455a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.01152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2012.00253.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.3390\/su7055211","article-title":"The new global urban realm: Complex, connected, diffuse, and diverse social\u2010ecological systems","volume":"7","author":"McHale M. R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability: Science Practice and Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.209.3135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-016-0574-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(03)00117-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.3036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/280729"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-1060-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605313000628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-019-01835-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02698-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","unstructured":"Thys van den Audenaerde F. E.(1964).Revision systematique des especes congolaises du genre Tilapia (Pisces Cichlidae). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/agris.fao.org\/agris\u2010search\/search.do?recordID=XF2015018943"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1718"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trewavas E.(1983).Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon Oreochromis and Danakilia. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/agris.fao.org\/agris\u2010search\/search.do?recordID=XF2016062237","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.123198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00196-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3398\/064.069.0310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23748834.2020.1805282"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","volume-title":"International Introductions of Inland Aquatic Species","author":"Welcomme R. L.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-012-0364-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/140368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","unstructured":"Wood C. L. Welicky R. L. Preisser W. C. Leslie K. L. Mastick N. Greene C. Maslenikov K. P. Tornabene L. Kinsella J. M. &Essington T. E.(in review).A reconstruction of parasite burden for Puget Sound USA reveals one century of climate\u2010associated parasite decline."}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13794","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13794","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T13:37:16Z","timestamp":1692538636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1365-2656.13794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.13794","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8790","1365-2656"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8790","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2656","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}