{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:40:06Z","timestamp":1787013606155,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Body size is an important trait in predator\u2013prey dynamics as it is often linked to detection, as well as the success of capture or escape. Larger prey, for example, often runs higher risk of detection by their predators, which imposes stronger selection on their anti\u2010predator traits compared to smaller prey.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Nocturnal Lepidoptera (moths) vary strongly in body size, which has consequences for their predation risk, as bigger moths return stronger echoes for echolocating bats. To compensate for increased predation risk, larger moths are therefore expected to have improved anti\u2010predator defences. Moths are covered by different types of scales, which for a few species are known to absorb ultrasound, thus providing acoustic camouflage. Here, we assessed whether moths differ in their acoustic camouflage in a size\u2010dependent way by focusing on their body scales and the different frequency ranges used by bats.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n We used a sonar head to measure 3D echo scans of a total of 111 moth specimens across 58 species, from eight different families of Lepidoptera. We scanned all the specimens and related their echo\u2010acoustic target strength to various body size measurements. Next, we removed the scales covering the thorax and abdomen and scanned a subset of specimens again to assess the sound absorptive properties of these scales.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Comparing intact specimens with descaled specimens, we found almost all species to absorb ultrasound, reducing detection risk on average by 8%. Furthermore, the sound absorptive capacities of body scales increased with body size suggesting that larger species benefit more from acoustic camouflage. The size\u2010dependent effect of camouflage was in particular pronounced for the higher frequencies (above 29\u2009kHz), with moth species belonging to large\u2010bodied families consequently demonstrating similar target strengths compared to species from small\u2010bodied families. Finally, we found the families to differ in frequency range that provided the largest reduction in detection risk, which may be related to differences in predation pressure and predator communities of these families.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n In general, our findings have important implications for predator\u2013prey interactions across eco\u2010evolutionary timescales and may suggest that acoustic camouflage played a role in body size evolution of nocturnally active Lepidoptera.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.14016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T04:55:20Z","timestamp":1698296120000},"page":"2363-2372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acoustic camouflage increases with body size and changes with bat echolocation frequency range in a community of nocturnally active Lepidoptera"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6083-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Lab Nuremberg Zoo Nuremberg Germany"},{"name":"Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab Friedrich\u2010Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alrike","family":"Dreissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matty P.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4111-0930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Halfwerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3161\/150811012X654295"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703627104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421926112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.137638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12682"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan0221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"The biomechanics of insect flight: Form, function, evolution","author":"Dudley R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2019.110082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.07.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.2812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.127.1.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11664"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4882"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907847116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1939973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of acoustics","author":"Kinsler L. 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Dreissen A. Leroy H. Berg M. P. &Halfwerk W.(2023).Data from: Acoustic camouflage increases with body size and bat echolocation frequency range in a community of nocturnally\u2010active Lepidoptera.Dryad Digital Repository.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.66t1g1k73","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.14016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140050607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.093294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.086686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-007-9209-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2002.00384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.024301"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1365-2656.14016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T05:04:06Z","timestamp":1703135046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2656.14016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1365-2656.14016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.14016","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8790","1365-2656"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8790","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2656","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}