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Pharmaceutical pollutants are widespread in aquatic ecosystems globally, yet their impacts on animal behaviour, life\u2010history and reproductive allocation remain poorly understood, especially in the context of intraspecific variation in ecologically important traits that facilitate species' adaptive capacities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We test whether a widespread pharmaceutical pollutant, fluoxetine (Prozac), disrupts the trade\u2010off between individual\u2010level (co)variation in behavioural, life\u2010history and reproductive traits of freshwater fish.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We exposed the progeny of wild\u2010caught guppies (<jats:italic>Poecilia reticulata<\/jats:italic>) to three field\u2010relevant levels of fluoxetine (mean measured concentrations: 0, 31.5 and 316\u2009ng\/L) for 5\u2009years, across multiple generations. We used 12 independent laboratory populations and repeatedly quantified activity and risk\u2010taking behaviour of male guppies, capturing both mean behaviours and variation within and between individuals across exposure treatments. We also measured key life\u2010history traits (body condition, coloration and gonopodium size) and assessed post\u2010copulatory sperm traits (sperm vitality, number and velocity) that are known to be under strong sexual selection in polyandrous species. Intraspecific (co)variation of these traits was analysed using a comprehensive, multivariate statistical approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Fluoxetine had a dose\u2010specific (mean) effect on the life\u2010history and sperm trait of guppies: low pollutant exposure altered male body condition and increased gonopodium size, but reduced sperm velocity. At the individual level, fluoxetine reduced the behavioural plasticity of guppies by eroding their within\u2010individual variation in both activity and risk\u2010taking behaviour. Fluoxetine also altered between\u2010individual correlations in pace\u2010of\u2010life syndrome traits: it triggered the emergence of correlations between behavioural and life\u2010history traits (e.g. activity and body condition) and between life\u2010history and sperm traits (e.g. gonopodium size and sperm vitality), but collapsed other between\u2010individual correlations (e.g. activity and gonopodium size).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our results reveal that chronic exposure to global pollutants can affect phenotypic traits at both population and individual levels, and even alter individual\u2010level correlations among such traits in a dose\u2010specific manner. We discuss the need to integrate individual\u2010level analyses and test behaviour in association with life\u2010history and reproductive traits to fully understand how animals respond to human\u2010induced environmental change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.14152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T05:02:11Z","timestamp":1724734931000},"page":"340-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Long\u2010term effects of widespread pharmaceutical pollution on trade\u2010offs between behavioural, life\u2010history and reproductive traits in fish"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Upama","family":"Aich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9737-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Polverino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farin","family":"Yazdan Parast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela C.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Howells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Nosrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bob B. 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