{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:03:58Z","timestamp":1780466638232,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Predation is a key ecological process shaping sea turtle populations, yet \u2010 unlike predation of eggs, hatchlings and adults on nesting beaches \u2010 its role at sea remains poorly quantified due to observational challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This study synthesizes multiple, rarely integrated data sources\u2014including unpublished data\u2014to examine global patterns of sea turtle predation at sea. Sources include field observations (turtles found stranded, nesting, admitted to rescue centers, or captured in\u2010water for research), literature records, predator diet data, and non\u2010conventional online sources (NCS; images and videos).<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>A literature review compiled 206 report\/predator\/turtle species\/turtle life stage\/area combinations involving all seven extant sea turtle species and 51 predator species. Although predators span several taxa (including teleost fishes, crocodilians, and mammals), most reports involve a few shark species. To estimate predation rates, we analysed 156,726 turtle records (dead or alive), of which 5,107 individuals (3.3%) showed evidence of shark\u2010bite injuries. These rates varied significantly among species, size classes, regions, and over time. Stomach content analysis of 3,927 sharks from 12 species identified turtle remains only in tiger and white sharks, with tiger sharks emerging as the dominant predator. NCS yielded 34 shark\u2010turtle interactions, 73% of which were videos that offered rare insights into sea turtle defensive behaviours such as dorsal shielding, rapid manoeuvring, fleeing, and even counterattacks.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Together, these multiple approaches provide complementary insights and highlight the dominant role of large sharks, particularly tiger sharks, in sea turtle predation. However, current knowledge is largely confined to predation in neritic waters because of the inherent difficulties of studying this topic in oceanic environments. Predation on small juveniles and in oceanic waters remains the most significant knowledge gap due to the likelihood of whole\u2010body ingestion and occurrence in oceanic habitats. Tracking such early life stages may become feasible with advances in tag miniaturization. Meanwhile, visible shark\u2010bite injuries on large turtles\u2014if adequately standardized\u2014represent a promising tool for monitoring spatial and temporal trends in predation pressure on large turtles in coastal waters. With improved data collection, analytical methods, and citizen science contributions through NCS, we can begin to address critical knowledge gaps in the at\u2010sea predation ecology of sea turtles.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:25:26Z","timestamp":1773908726000},"page":"970-988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predation on sea turtles at sea: A multi\u2010source synthesis and research perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2534-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Casale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Servolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cecina  Livorno Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3897-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Tagliolatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais Littoralis  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0629-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bresette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inwater Research Group  Jensen Beach Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inwater Research Group  Jensen Beach Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Freggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Caretta Caretta  Lampedusa and Linosa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0368-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Margaritoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCHELON, The Sea Turtle Protection Society of Greece  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5169-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yakup","family":"Kaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Pamukkale University  Denizli Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaniv","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel's Sea Turtle Rescue Center, Nature and Parks Authority  Beit Yanai National Park Israel"},{"name":"Marine Biology Department, Leon H. 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