{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:39:51Z","timestamp":1780501191935,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000155","name":"Division of Environmental Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1556884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1556884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000155","name":"Division of Environmental Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2100163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000155","name":"Division of Environmental Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2247042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2247042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Parasites can profoundly alter host communities. However, the impact of parasites can vary from one community to another. Understanding why the impact of parasites varies across communities is challenging because it requires (i) separating the direct effects of the parasite on the host species from the indirect effects it exerts through the ecological interactions among the hosts and (ii) identifying how the presence of one host alters rates of infection in another.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Freshwater fish communities in Trinidad have recently been invaded by a generalist parasitic nematode. This event, combined with our long\u2010term mark\u2010recapture studies of these communities, which began long before the invasion, presented a replicated natural experiment. In this experiment, we measured how host demographic rates responded to two \u2018treatments\u2019: stage of parasite establishment (before, and 1\u20132\u2009years, 3\u20135\u2009years and 6\u20138\u2009years after invasion) and type of community (killifish\u2010guppy communities and killifish\u2010only communities). This design allowed us to infer the direct and indirect impacts of the parasite invasion on killifish communities and determine how the presence of guppies altered infection rates in killifish.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The parasitic invasion drastically altered killifish\u2010guppy communities: the ratio of killifish to guppies changed from 1:2 before the invasion to 1:16 after the invasion. Living with guppies amplified the effects of the parasite on killifish, such that parasite\u2010related mortality rates of large adult killifish were twice as high in communities with guppies compared to those without.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This effect was driven by a doubling of infection rates in large killifish that live with guppies. In a parallel study, we identified the same patterns of size\u2010 and community\u2010dependent infection rates of killifish in five separate river systems, implying that this pattern is general in this system.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our study provides mechanistic insight into how parasites alter community structure under natural conditions, via their direct and indirect impacts on host demographic rates. Our work highlights the value of long\u2010term field studies for our understanding of the impact of parasites on community structure and of ecological interactions in general.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:11:23Z","timestamp":1776762683000},"page":"1059-1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parasites alter host community structure in a natural experiment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomos","family":"Potter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg\u2010Universit\u00e4t  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua F.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station  Olympia Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1144-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David N.","family":"Reznick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Travis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg\u2010Universit\u00e4t  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald D.","family":"Bassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Ocorr\u00eancia de Camallanus cotti (Nematoda: Camallanidae) parasitando o guppy Poecilia reticulata (Osteichthyes: Poeciliidae) no Brasil","volume":"22","author":"Alves D. 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