{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:12:07Z","timestamp":1791393127940,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.839479\/2023\u201000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.839479\/2023\u201000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/10639\u20105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/10639\u20105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/02640\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/02640\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Plant\u2013pollinator interactions are dynamic not only across seasons but also over hourly time scales, even beyond the day\u2013night contrast. However, capturing the daily temporal variability of pollination networks during field data collection is challenging. Consequently, our understanding of daily variation in network composition and structure remains incomplete due to limited sampling coverage. Moreover, inaccurate sampling protocols can result in missing links that impair the identification of underlying processes and emerging patterns. We address this gap by studying the fine\u2010scale temporal organisation of the diverse diurnal plant\u2013bee relationships and examining how the interaction composition and network structure fluctuate throughout the day.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n We extensively sampled plant\u2013bee interactions in a Brazilian Cerrado over two flowering seasons, encompassing six 2\u2010h sampling periods throughout the day. We compared interaction \u03b2\u2010diversity and network structural properties across sampling periods. A factorial approach was used to merge interactions among all combinations of sampling periods to assess how the composition and structure of the partial\u2010day networks deviated from those exhibited by the full\u2010day network (i.e. consolidating all interactions).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Plant\u2013bee interactions exhibited notable variations in network metrics across daily sampling periods. From dawn to dusk, plant\u2013bee networks showed reduced modularity and specialisation but greater nestedness. Interaction \u03b2\u2010diversity between sampling periods increased progressively with wider temporal intervals, mainly explained by interaction rewiring among shared species. Combining four 2\u2010h sampling periods recovered up to ~80% of all pairwise interactions and\u2009~\u200982% of interaction frequencies, and generated partial\u2010day networks that most closely resembled the structure of full\u2010day networks. These best\u2010performing combinations consistently drew from daily central hours, whereas early\u2010morning and late\u2010afternoon periods contributed fewer but unique interactions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Our study demonstrates that plant\u2013bee interaction networks are time\u2010sensitive at the intraday scale and that interaction completeness is not necessarily improved by increasing effort within a single time window, but rather by distributing sampling across, or focusing on, the most informative periods of the day. We provide a general framework to evaluate how temporal sampling design affects network representativeness in systems where interactions depend on time\u2010of\u2010day.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:24:29Z","timestamp":1784114669000},"page":"1903-1918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimising daily sampling of plant\u2013bee interaction networks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8299-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio S.","family":"Ballarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia da Poliniza\u00e7\u00e3o e Intera\u00e7\u00f5es\u2014LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestat\u00edstica, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP) Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Integrative Ecology Group Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD\u2010CSIC Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Isla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Ecology Group Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD\u2010CSIC Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Arroyo\u2010Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Ecology Group Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD\u2010CSIC Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Ecology Group Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, EBD\u2010CSIC Sevilla Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Hachuy\u2010Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia da Poliniza\u00e7\u00e3o e Intera\u00e7\u00f5es\u2014LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestat\u00edstica, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP) Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Em Zoologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe W.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia da Poliniza\u00e7\u00e3o e Intera\u00e7\u00f5es\u2014LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestat\u00edstica, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP) Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010gradua\u00e7\u00e3o Em Zoologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita 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