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Yet the relationship between animal movement and element distribution remains poorly characterized. We developed a spatially explicit agent\u2010based model to test how migratory versus resident red deer (\n                          <jats:italic>Cervus elaphus<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) influence nitrogen redistribution across an alpine landscape in the Central\u2010Eastern Italian Alps. Specifically, we asked how both local\u2010scale and landscape\u2010scale movement alter the spatial extent and magnitude of nitrogen deposition.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We parameterized our model with GPS telemetry from 2021 to 2024 and remotely sensed vegetation data. We simulated four different scenarios which allowed us to disentangle the relative effects of large\u2010scale (migration persisting) and fine\u2010scale (resident behaviour) movement: (i) mixed migratory\u2013resident (300 deer), (ii) fully resident (300 deer), (iii) reduced resident (150 deer) and (iv) reduced migratory (150 deer). The potential for nitrogen intake, assimilation, and excretion occurred hourly across a seasonally dynamic landscape.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Across all scenarios, tree cover density and slope consistently emerged as positive predictors of nitrogen transport. Thus, regardless of resident or migratory status, red deer act as mediators of local element transport. Similarly, proximity to roads\/trails reduced nitrogen inputs and created closed systems, indicating that barriers constrain both local and landscape\u2010scale element transport.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Migration substantially expanded the spatial extent of nitrogen redistribution and enabled the upward movement of elements, both locally upslope and into higher elevation habitats, effectively transporting elements against gravitational forces. Consequently, the loss of migration is likely to weaken these large\u2010scale element linkages and reduce associated ecosystem functions.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that different animal movement patterns play distinct and complementary roles in connecting element pools across landscapes. While both resident and migrant foraging redistribute elements locally, migratory movements link lowland and alpine habitats, expanding the spatial reach of element redistribution. Thus, loss of migration not only reduces the spatial extent of element distribution but also alters the topographic pathways through which elements are cycled. These findings highlight the broader ecosystem consequences of declining animal movement extent, and migration in particular, and underscore the importance of conserving behavioural diversity to maintain element heterogeneity and ecosystem functioning in mountain systems.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T07:29:54Z","timestamp":1788593394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elements on the move: How ungulate migration expands Alpine biogeochemical footprints"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0884-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristy M.","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador  St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador Canada"},{"name":"School of the Environment Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Corradini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach  San Michele all'Adige Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC)  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian","family":"Hawkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Chanel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille University, CNRS, AMSE  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Figui\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille University, CNRS, AMSE  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Bramoull\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille University, CNRS, AMSE  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Vanderlocht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach  San Michele all'Adige Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC)  Palermo Italy"},{"name":"Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach  San Michele all'Adige Italy"},{"name":"Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A) University of Trento  San Michele all'Adige Italy"},{"name":"Stelvio National Park  Cogolo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9004-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Ossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach  San Michele all'Adige Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC)  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Righetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management Office Autonomous Province of Bolzano  Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1515-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oswald J.","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4954-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cagnacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach  San Michele all'Adige Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC)  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100706.2011.20103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13778"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/f9080453","article-title":"Forest ecosystem services: An analysis of worldwide research","volume":"9","author":"Aznar\u2010S\u00e1nchez J. 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