{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:00:39Z","timestamp":1791464439991,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\u2010947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\u2010947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006285","name":"Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\u201000620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\u201000620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004722","name":"Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2014\u20100659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2014\u20100659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FT180100154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT180100154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Ocean acidification, caused by rising carbon dioxide (CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          ) in the atmosphere, has been reported to negatively impact a wide variety of behaviours in fishes, including activity, exploration, and predator avoidance.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>These effects have been documented at the population level, but many animal species naturally show large and repeatable individual\u2010level differences in behaviour. How environmental stressors, such as ocean acidification, affect behavioural variation at the individual level remains largely unknown but is vital in understanding adaptation given natural selection operates on variation at the individual rather than population level.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Using a statistical approach allowing variation in means and variation in variance to be modelled within a single framework, we quantified individual\u2010level differences across five behaviours in the coral reef Ambon damselfish\n                          <jats:italic>Pomacentrus amboinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                          (emergence time, activity level, time spent sheltering, thigmotaxis and novel object inspection). We measured behaviour in a novel environment assay, twice before (CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          \u2009~450 \u03bcatm) and twice following 4\u20136 days of exposure to predicted end\u2010of\u2010century ocean acidification conditions (~1100 \u03bcatm).\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Following behavioural assays, we tested individual survival in a live predation experiment. We used predatory rock cod,\n                          <jats:italic>Cephalopholis microprion<\/jats:italic>\n                          , acclimated to the same CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          treatments as Ambon damsels and examined predictors of survival probability.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          All behaviours in damselfish were moderately and significantly repeatable, with no marked differences in repeatability estimates between the ambient CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          and elevated CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          treatment groups. Exposure to end\u2010of\u2010century ocean acidification conditions had no effect on any of the five behaviours measured, both in terms of group means and residual (within\u2010individual) variance.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          The probability of survival in the predation trials was similar for damselfish in the ambient and elevated CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          treatment groups. Smaller damselfish as well as those that spent a greater amount of time inspecting a novel object (i.e. bolder individuals) had a lower probability of survival regardless of their CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          treatment.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our results challenge assumptions about the impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef fish behaviour and susceptibility to predation, both at the population and individual level. They also provide support for a trade\u2010off between boldness and predation risk in fish.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:33:49Z","timestamp":1791462829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["No effect of short\u2010term exposure to ocean acidification on individual\u2010level variation in behaviour and susceptibility to predation in a Great Barrier Reef damselfish"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3326-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique G.","family":"Roche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology Carleton University  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institut de Biologie, \u00c9co\u2010\u00c9thologie Universit\u00e9 de Neuch\u00e2tel  Neuch\u00e2tel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefin","family":"Sundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Drottningholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Speers\u2010Roesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of New Brunswick  Saint John New Brunswick Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7765-5182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University  Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2804-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra A.","family":"Binning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie, \u00c9co\u2010\u00c9thologie Universit\u00e9 de Neuch\u00e2tel  Neuch\u00e2tel Switzerland"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Sciences Biologiques Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058520","article-title":"Elevated CO2 affects predator\u2010prey interactions through altered performance","volume":"8","author":"Allan B. 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