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In the typical \u2018common\u2019 stickleback ecotype, males provide care to their offspring by fanning with their pectoral fins and defending their nest. By contrast, a divergent \u2018white\u2019 stickleback ecotype has evolutionarily lost care and disperses embryos into the surrounding environment.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We examined how paternal care from common, white and F1 hybrid fathers influenced offspring survival. We detected no intrinsic incompatibilities in embryos, but F1 hybrid fathers exhibited dysregulated parental care that coincided with decreased survival of parented offspring. The increased offspring mortality may be explained by further dysregulation of feeding and parenting circuitry, as F2 hybrids exhibited significantly higher rates of post\u2010fertilization filial cannibalism than common or white fathers.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Additionally, despite strong divergence in nesting\u2013building and courtship behaviour, F1 hybrids achieved mating success at a similar rate as male commons and whites, suggesting that prezygotic barriers against hybrids may be weak.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The observed postzygotic isolation, and potentially weak prezygotic isolation in lab\u2010based studies, suggest that hybridization is likely occurring at low rates in the wild. Population genetic analysis supported this, as low proportions of putative hybrids were detected in sympatric sites.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Together, these results may help explain why genetic divergence between these phenotypically distinct ecotypes is low and provide evidence that dysregulated parental behaviour can act as a newly discovered postzygotic reproductive isolating barrier.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:19:20Z","timestamp":1790165960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence of parental care as a newly identified reproductive isolating barrier"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4334-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colby","family":"Behrens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan F.","family":"Maciejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Sumarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California, Riverside  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California, Riverside  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Lagunas\u2010Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California, Riverside  Riverside California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Samuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California, Riverside  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8933-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icac071","article-title":"Freshwater colonization, adaptation, and genomic divergence in threespine stickleback","volume":"62","author":"Aguirre W. 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