{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:59:54Z","timestamp":1790823594705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000159","name":"Natural Resources Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000159","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Wildfires are a key natural disturbance in fire\u2010prone ecosystems, but their impacts on wildlife are increasingly significant as fire regimes intensify globally. Although considerable research has examined animal responses to post\u2010wildfire landscapes, little is known about how animals respond to burning fires. While fires often trigger avoidance behaviours, predators may benefit from fire\u2010related hunting opportunities. We present one of the first studies, to our knowledge, explicitly examining fine\u2010scale behavioural responses of a large carnivore to actively burning wildfires, testing whether predators balance the potential risks and benefits associated with these dynamic disturbances.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Using integrated step selection analysis, we assessed how wolves respond to active fires (burning areas with flaming or smouldering combustion, and recently extinguished burns), fire fronts (areas with flaming combustion) and smoke in a North American boreal forest. We asked: (i) Do wolves select or avoid active fires, fire fronts, or smoke, or alter their movement rates in response to these disturbances? and (ii) Do active fires, fire fronts or smoke alter wolf selection of habitat?<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Wolves selected for areas near active fires, particularly longer\u2010lasting ones, but avoided fire fronts, potentially balancing risk avoidance with fire\u2010related predation opportunities. Further, wolves altered their habitat use in ways that offset fire\u2010related risks, including moving faster in smokier conditions and selecting for water and polygonal anthropogenic disturbances near active fires and in smoky areas.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our novel findings on predator behaviours during wildfires highlight the nuanced relationships between predation opportunities and risk avoidance, with implications for predator\u2013prey dynamics in fire\u2010prone regions experiencing increasing wildfire severity, frequency and scale.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:51:21Z","timestamp":1790823081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Playing with fire: Wolf response to active wildfires, fire fronts and smoke"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skylar","family":"Boucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SwampDonkey Solutions  Pincher Creek Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Wolfenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Nelson First Nation  Fort Nelson British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bridger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship Government of British Columbia  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Tigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SwampDonkey Solutions  Pincher Creek Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5322","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3122","article-title":"Relative selection strength: Quantifying effect size in habitat\u2010 and step\u2010selection inference","volume":"7","author":"Avgar T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12528","article-title":"Integrated step selection analysis: Bridging the gap between resource selection and animal movement","volume":"7","author":"Avgar T.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballard W. B. Krausman P. R. Boe S. Cunningham S. &Whitlaw H. A.(2000).Short\u2010term response of gray wolves Canis lupus to wildfire in northwestern Alaska.","DOI":"10.5962\/p.363956"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Fire perimeters\u2013historical","author":"BC Wildfire Service","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-424255-5.50009-2","article-title":"Effects of fire on birds and mammals","volume":"73","author":"Bendell J. F.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Fire and Ecosystems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1532","article-title":"Assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites","volume":"16","author":"Bergman E. 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Movement along, and use of, linear features varies predictably among large mammal predator and prey species","volume":"89","author":"Dickie M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12732","article-title":"Faster and farther: Wolf movement on linear features and implications for hunting behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Dickie M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12853","article-title":"Fire as a driver and mediator of predator\u2013prey interactions","volume":"97","author":"Doherty T. 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