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We hypothesized that host\u2010mediated and extrinsic environmental filtering, alongside biotic interactions, act concurrently to shape parasite community composition, and that these structuring patterns would depend on parasite traits or evolutionary history.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We applied nemabiome DNA metabarcoding to 3147 faecal samples from 916 feral horses with no history of anthelmintic treatment, collected over 10\u2009years as part of a long\u2010term individual\u2010based study on Sable Island, Canada. Using joint species distribution models, we tested whether strongyle parasite communities were structured by host\u2010associated factors, extrinsic environmental variables or interspecific interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Host factors, particularly age and individual identity, explained the greatest proportion of variation in both parasite prevalence and infection intensity, indicating strong host\u2010mediated environmental filtering. In contrast, spatial location and year explained minimal variation, suggesting weaker effects of extrinsically mediated environmental filtering. Parasite traits such as body size and gut site preference had limited associations with species' environmental responses.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Positive species associations were common, particularly among species occupying the same gut region, suggesting that strong, consistent competitive interactions were not prominently reflected in the residual covariance structure. Negative associations were less frequent but consistently involved\n                          <jats:italic>Strongylus equinus<\/jats:italic>\n                          , indicating potential context\u2010dependent biotic interactions involving this species.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>By integrating species\u2010level molecular data with hierarchical joint species models, this study quantifies patterns of host\u2010related filtering and species co\u2010variation within a natural parasite community and provides a framework for examining mixed infections in wild systems.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:21:36Z","timestamp":1791807696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host\u2010mediated filtering and interspecific associations structure strongyle parasite communities in Sable Island horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangwook","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip D.","family":"McLoughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Poissant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.110048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5061\/dryad.qz612jmzj"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182024001185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304\u20104017(02)00424\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010018\u20102880\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2022.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010020\u201004396\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010022\u201005645\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00986\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x0001539x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100576"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2307\/3284227","article-title":"Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et\u00a0al. revisited","volume":"83","author":"Bush A. 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