{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:41:19Z","timestamp":1792507279997,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\u201017125S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201017125S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\u201017593M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\u201017593M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          African forest elephants (\n                          <jats:italic>Loxodonta cyclotis<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) are critically endangered ecosystem engineers of African tropical forests. Despite their rapidly declining population trend, little is known of how forest elephants interact with other vertebrate assemblages. To explore this, we studied avian communities within a continuous tropical rainforest on the slopes of Mt. Cameroon.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The area's topography allowed us to survey birds in elephant\u2010grazed primary forest and in adjacent portions that elephants avoid, isolating the effect of megafaunal grazing within an otherwise intact system. We additionally surveyed nearby secondary forests fragmented by human activity, contrasting the disappearance of a single ecosystem engineer against the reshaping of forest by anthropogenic disturbance. We assessed the taxonomic diversity (species richness, Shannon index), functional diversity (Rao's quadratic entropy), functional redundancy (species overlap in functional space), and composition of functional traits (abundance\u2010weighted trait averages).<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Previous research suggested that loss of forest elephants would negatively impact avian assemblages through reduced habitat heterogeneity. In contrast, we show that elephant grazing itself significantly reduced species richness, to levels comparable with heavily disturbed secondary forests. Functional diversity nevertheless increased in both the grazed and secondary forest, but at the cost of functional redundancy: in both of these habitats, the avian assemblages were taxonomically impoverished, yet functionally more dispersed, with some foraging niches negatively affected.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The elephant\u2010grazed forest was dominated by understory and terrestrial invertivores, whereas the ungrazed forest supported frugivores and larger birds. The secondary forest, in turn, harboured a functionally distinct assemblage of open\u2010habitat species with high dispersal ability and divergent foraging strategies. Together these patterns show that although elephant grazing reduces taxonomic diversity to a degree comparable with anthropogenic disturbance, it reshapes functional composition in fundamentally different ways.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The presence of forest elephants facilitates stable populations of forest specialist birds, such as terrestrial invertivores. Conversely, the adverse effects of elephant grazing on frugivores and large birds could be minimized by establishing larger reserves of lightly grazed forest, possibly alongside ungrazed refuges. Overall, our results show that loss of keystone megaherbivores has widespread consequences for other rainforest vertebrates, potentially resulting in a cascading restructuring of key ecosystem functions.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:51:04Z","timestamp":1792504264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Megafaunal engineering in the tropical rainforest: African forest elephants (\n                    <i>Loxodonta cyclotis<\/i>\n                    ) reduce avian species richness but elevate functional diversity"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5028-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kry\u0161tof","family":"Korejs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ho\u0159\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kry\u0161tof","family":"Chmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Czech Society for Ornithology  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7216-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Sedl\u00e1\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Njie","family":"Motombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bokwango  Buea Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Luma","family":"Ewome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bokwango  Buea Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Lyonga","family":"Molua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bokwango  Buea Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Innocent Tamdjo","family":"Tache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biology &amp; Ecology, Faculty of Science University of Dschang  Dschang Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange Mekuate","family":"Kamga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biology &amp; Ecology, Faculty of Science University of Dschang  Dschang Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel Soniya Cecil","family":"Christopher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Riegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia  \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191","article-title":"TerraClimate, a high\u2010resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958\u20132015","volume":"5","author":"Abatzoglou J. T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Final report: Population estimates and movement pattern of mount Cameroon elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) using capture\u2010recapture camera trap method","author":"Abeh A. D.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcosc.2025.1504350","article-title":"Specialized insectivores drive differences in avian community composition between primary and secondary forest in Central Africa","volume":"6","author":"Barrie E. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Conservation Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Bird Census Techniques","author":"Bibby C. J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2173\/bow","volume-title":"Birds of the world","author":"Billerman S. M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744\u20107429.2009.00512.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71404-2_7","volume-title":"Numerical ecology with R","author":"Borcard D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654\u20101103.2005.tb02393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Braak C. J. F. &Smilauer P.(2012).Canoco reference manual and user's guide: Software for ordination version 5.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.1289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"The plants of Mt Cameroon: A conservation checklist","author":"Cable S.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102664.2011.02048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2025.111265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523\u20101739.2000.98235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021\u2010019\u201000424\u20103"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12877","article-title":"Vertical stratification and seasonal changes of the avian community in Mount Cameroon lowland rainforest","volume":"59","author":"Chmel K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"African Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielson J. J. &Gesch D. B.(2011).Global multi\u2010resolution terrain elevation data 2010 (GMTED2010). In Open\u2010File Report (Nos. 2011\u20131073). U.S. Geological Survey.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/ofr20111073","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20111073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8038524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010016\u20103546\u20100"},{"issue":"35","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady4392","article-title":"Declines of ebony and ivory are inextricably linked in an African rainforest","volume":"11","author":"Deblauwe V.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","volume-title":"ArcGIS desktop: Version 3.3","author":"ESRI","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12506"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"American bison: Status survey and conservation guidelines 2010","author":"Gates C. C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"Gobush K. S. Edwards C. T. T. Maisels F. Wittemyer G. Balfour D. &Taylor R. D.(2021).Loxodonta cyclotis (errata version published in 2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T181007989A204404464."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asq042","article-title":"On the behaviour of marginal and conditional AIC in linear mixed models","volume":"97","author":"Greven S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habel J. C. Schmitt T. Fungomeli M. Teucher M. Eberle J. Hanusch M. &Ulrich W.(2025).Disturbance of coastal forests in East Africa: Elephants promote forest butterflies while human impact supports Savannah species. Research Square.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs\u20106553277\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6553277\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"HBW and BirdLife International. (2025).Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 10."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.13688","article-title":"Forest structure determines spatial changes in avian communities along an elevational gradient in tropical Africa","volume":"46","author":"Ho\u0159\u00e1k D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Biogeography"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.05703"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13864","article-title":"Bird communities in African cocoa agroforestry are diverse but lack specialized insectivores","volume":"58","author":"Jarrett C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11631"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d14030227"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050601","article-title":"Impacts of ungulates on the demography and diversity of small mammals in central Kenya","volume":"116","author":"Keesing F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"The impacts of elephants on biodiversity in the eastern cape subtropical thickets: Elephant conservation","volume":"102","author":"Kerley G. I.","year":"2006","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030\u20101299.2005.13735.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523\u20101739.2007.00874.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","unstructured":"Korejs K. Ho\u0159\u00e1k D. Chmel K. Sedl\u00e1\u010dek O. Motombi F. N. Ewome F. L. Molua L. Tache J. I. Kamga S. M. &Riegert J.(2026).Megafaunal engineering in the tropical rainforest: African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) reduce avian species richness but elevate functional diversity. Figshare digital repository.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.33594268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102664.70083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08\u20102244.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","unstructured":"Legendre P. Borcard D. Blanchet G. &Dray S.(2012).MEM spatial eigenfunction and principal coordinate analyses. R package PCNM version 1\u20132."},{"issue":"5596","key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075664","article-title":"Avian persistence in fragmented rainforest","volume":"298","author":"Lens L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. V. Banfai B. Bolker B. Buerkner P. Gin\u00e9\u2010V\u00e1zquez I. Herve M. Jung M. Love J. Miguez F. Piaskowski J. Riebl H. &Singmann H.(2025).emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means aka Least\u2010Squares Means (Version 1.10.7) [Computer software].https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/emmeans\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605318000881"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201078659\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR11017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059469"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502540113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2023.1041268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","unstructured":"Marshall L. Miller D. Clark\u2010Wolf T. J. Thomas L. Laake J. &Rexstad E.(2024).Distance: Distance sampling detection function and abundance estimation (Version 2.0.0) [Computer software].https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/Distance\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100587.2013.00234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106471"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v089.i01","article-title":"Distance sampling in R","volume":"89","author":"Miller D. L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.13119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e01384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2007.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","unstructured":"MINFOF. (2014).The management plan of the Mount Cameroon National Park and its peripheral zone. Action plan (2014). Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102664.12962"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102435.2010.01695.x"},{"issue":"6772","key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers N.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2981\/0909\u20106396(2006)12%5B129:TCOOAI%5D2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531\u2010014\u20100677\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2019.06.008","article-title":"Extinction thresholds and negative responses of Afrotropical ant\u2010following birds to forest cover loss in oil palm and agroforestry landscapes","volume":"39","author":"Ocampo\u2010Ariza C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010008\u20100994\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u2010019\u20107696\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","volume-title":"Caught in the snare: The indirect effects of hunting\u2010induced mammal defaunation on bird communities","author":"Pavan L. I.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72065","article-title":"Functional and phylogenetic structure of Forest bird assemblages along an Afrotropical elevational gradient","volume":"15","author":"Pernice R.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010019\u20101070\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258\u2010007\u20109326\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","volume-title":"R version 4.4.1","author":"R Project","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ecologies6030052"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Birds associating with elephants and hippopotamuses","volume":"80","author":"Rice D. W.","year":"1963","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531\u2010021\u201002252\u20101"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1999.97226.x","article-title":"Effects of selective logging on forest bird populations in a fragmented landscape","volume":"13","author":"Robinson W. D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oik.10831"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","unstructured":"Rousset F. Ferdy J.\u2010B. &Courtiol A.(2025).spaMM: Mixed\u2010Effect Models with or without Spatial Random Effects (Version 4.6.1) [Computer software].https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/spaMM\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10955"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.13482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.70197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.13221"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1981.tb00173.x","article-title":"The breeding season of birds in the lowland rainforest and in the montane forest of West Cameroon","volume":"123","author":"Serle W.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538\u20107305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.10383"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2008.1708"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20109326\/aacd1c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15627020.2024.2379378"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102664.13078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559\u2010023\u201002077\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201009788\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1439.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.69649\/pachyderm.v48i.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","unstructured":"Wickham H. Chang W. Henry L. Pedersen T. L. Takahashi K. Wilke C. Woo K. Yutani H. Dunnington D. van denBrand T. Posit &PBC. (2024).ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics (Version 3.5.1) [Computer software].https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/ggplot2\/index.html"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1365-2656.70369","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1365-2656.70369","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1365-2656.70369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:51:13Z","timestamp":1792504273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2656.70369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1365-2656.70369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.70369","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8790","1365-2656"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8790","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2656","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1365-2656.70369"}}