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In terrestrial plant\u2010dominated systems, the effects of facilitation on biodiversity have been shown to intensify along environmental stress gradients; however, comparable examples are absent for marine soft\u2010sediment ecosystems (particularly those with animal facilitators), hindering progress in expanding ecological theory.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Using a multi\u2010site field experiment, we investigated the role of an intertidal infaunal clam (\n                          <jats:italic>Austrovenus stutchburyi<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) as a community\u2010level facilitator of macrofaunal species diversity across gradients of hydrodynamic forces acting on the seabed (wind waves and tidal currents). Strong density\u2010dependent influences of the clam on seabed stability were expected to be central to facilitation. At 21 intertidal sites across 4 estuaries in Aotearoa New Zealand, we removed adult clams from 9\u2009m\n                          <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                          plots (removal plots) and then, after 12\u2009months, measured the difference in macrofaunal community composition, richness and abundance between removal and adjacent non\u2010removal plots.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          After 12\u2009months, differences in macrofauna biodiversity between removal and non\u2010removal plots were observed, and at some sites, these differences were associated with non\u2010removal plots supporting up to 9\u00d7 higher macrofauna abundance and up to 4\u00d7 higher species richness than removal plots, indicating facilitation by\n                          <jats:italic>Austrovenus<\/jats:italic>\n                          as important for community composition.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Facilitation was strongest at sites with high adult\n                          <jats:italic>Austrovenus<\/jats:italic>\n                          density (linear model\n                          <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                          <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                          \u2009=\u20090.52) but also proximity to strong tidal currents (polynomial model\n                          <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                          <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                          \u2009=\u20090.52), indicating that\n                          <jats:italic>Austrovenus<\/jats:italic>\n                          may extend macrofaunal communities into locations where they would otherwise be excluded by hydrodynamic forces.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>Synthesis<\/jats:italic>\n                          : Our results provide evidence that the strength of facilitation in intertidal soft\u2010sediments changes across hydrodynamic stress gradients; however, there are likely to be interactions between indirect and direct effects that we discuss in the context of our study system. Our study extends ecological theory on facilitation to marine soft\u2010sediment systems and offers insight into the functional role of habitat\u2010forming infauna.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.70372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:41:53Z","timestamp":1792046513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrodynamic gradients affect facilitation in soft sediment communities"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca V.","family":"Gladstone\u2010Gallagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5083-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judi E.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb J.","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waikato  Tauranga New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tidal Research  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences New Zealand  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vonda","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences New Zealand  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences New Zealand  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne I.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waikato  Tauranga New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina J. L.","family":"Flowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waikato  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Hailes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences New Zealand  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny R.","family":"Hillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon F.","family":"Thrush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Hao","family":"Yeoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad A.","family":"Pilditch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654\u20101103.2011.01301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11959"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022\u20100981(97)00088\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169\u20105347(94)90088\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1940179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169\u20105347(02)00045\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102435.12592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293142"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"PRIMER v6: User manual\/tutorial","author":"Clarke K. 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