{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:28:20Z","timestamp":1793042900900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Light pollution is rapidly increasing and can have deleterious effects on biodiversity, yet light types differ in their effect on wildlife. Among the light types used for street lamps, light\u2010emitting diodes (LEDs) are expected to become globally predominant within the next few years.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>In a large\u2010scale field experiment, we recorded bat activity at 46 street lights for 12 nights each and investigated how the widespread replacement of conventional illuminants by LEDs affects urban bats: we compared bat activity at municipal mercury vapour (MV) street lamps that were replaced by LEDs with control sites that were not changed.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>Pipistrellus pipistrellus<\/jats:italic>\n                          was the most frequently recorded species; it was 45% less active at LEDs than at MV street lamps, but the activity did not depend on illuminance level. Light type did not affect the activity of\n                          <jats:italic>Pipistrellus nathusii<\/jats:italic>\n                          ,\n                          <jats:italic>Pipistrellus pygmaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                          or bats in the\n                          <jats:italic>Nyctalus\/Eptesicus\/Vespertilio<\/jats:italic>\n                          (NEV) group, yet the activity of\n                          <jats:italic>P.\u00a0nathusii<\/jats:italic>\n                          increased with illuminance level. Bats of the genus\n                          <jats:italic>Myotis<\/jats:italic>\n                          increased activity 4\u00b75\u2010fold at LEDs compared with MV lights, but illuminance level had no effect.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Decreased activity of\n                          <jats:italic>P.\u00a0pipistrellus<\/jats:italic>\n                          , which are considered light tolerant, probably paralleled insect densities around lights. Further, our results suggest that LEDs may be less repelling for light\u2010averse\n                          <jats:italic>Myotis<\/jats:italic>\n                          spp. than MV lights. Accordingly, the transition from conventional lighting techniques to LEDs may greatly alter the anthropogenic impact of artificial light on urban bats and might eventually affect the resilience of urban bat populations.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>Synthesis and applications<\/jats:italic>\n                          . At light\u2010emitting diodes (LEDs), the competitive advantage \u2013 the exclusive ability to forage on insect aggregations at lights \u2013 is reduced for light\u2010tolerant bats. Thus, the global spread of LED street lamps might lead to a more natural level of competition between light\u2010tolerant and light\u2010averse bats. This effect could be reinforced if the potential advantages of LEDs over conventional illuminants are applied in practice: choice of spectra with relatively little energy in the short wavelength range; reduced spillover by precisely directing light; dimming during low human activity times; and control by motion sensors. Yet, the potential benefits of LEDs could be negated if low costs foster an overall increase in artificial lighting.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T02:12:40Z","timestamp":1472695960000},"page":"264-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Transition from conventional to light\u2010emitting diode street lighting changes activity of urban bats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lewanzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Ecology Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Alfred\u2010Kowalke\u2010Stra\u00dfe 17 Berlin 10315 Germany"},{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour Institute of Biology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Takustra\u00dfe 6 Berlin 14195 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian C.","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Ecology Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Alfred\u2010Kowalke\u2010Stra\u00dfe 17 Berlin 10315 Germany"},{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour Institute of Biology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Takustra\u00dfe 6 Berlin 14195 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)90067-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2008.00817.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(99)00112-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Journal of Statistical Software","author":"Bates D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Lighting the Way: Perspectives on the Global Lighting Market","author":"Baumgartner T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(69)90150-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-015-0911-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Handbuch der Flederm\u00e4use Europas und Nordwestafrikas","author":"Dietz C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"298","article-title":"Studie zur Anziehung nachtaktiver Insekten an die Stra\u00dfenbeleuchtung unter Einbeziehung von LEDs","volume":"86","author":"Eisenbeis G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natur und Landschaft"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3421-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"L285","article-title":"Directive 2009\/125\/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy\u2010related products","volume":"52","author":"EU","year":"2009","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"Nocturnal foraging by Scissor\u2010tailed Flycatchers under artificial light","volume":"24","author":"Frey J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Western Birds"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z85-040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3161\/15081109ACC2015.17.1.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03685-150413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Anlockwirkung moderner Leuchtmittel auf nachtaktive Insekten \u2010 Ergebnisse einer Feldstudie in Tirol","author":"Huemer P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"IEA(2006)About lighting.International Energy Agency. 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