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At the landscape scale, combining management systems that create different stand properties might promote biodiversity due to complementary species assemblages. In European beech forests, nature conservation and policy advocate a mixture of unmanaged (UNM) forests and uneven\u2010aged (UEA) forests managed at fine spatial grain at the expense of traditionally managed even\u2010aged shelterwood forests (EA). Evidence that such a landscape composition enhances forest biodiversity is still missing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We studied the biodiversity (species richness <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>D, Shannon diversity <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>D, Simpson diversity <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>D) of 14 taxonomic groups from bacteria to vertebrates in \u2018virtual\u2019 beech forest landscapes composed of varying shares of EA, UEA and UNM and investigated how \u03b3\u2010diversity responds to landscape composition. Groups were sampled in the largest contiguous beech forest in Germany, where EA and UEA management date back nearly two centuries, while management was abandoned 20\u201370\u00a0years ago (UNM). We used a novel resampling approach that created all compositional combinations of management systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Pure EA landscapes preserved a maximum of 97.5% \u03b3\u2010multidiversity (<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>D, <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>D) across all taxa. Pure and mixed UEA\/UNM landscapes reduced \u03b3\u2010multidiversity by up to 12.8% (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>D). This effect was consistent for forest specialists (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>D: \u221215.3%). We found only weak complementarity among management systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Landscape composition significantly affected \u03b3\u2010diversity of 6\u20139 individual taxa, depending on the weighting of species frequencies with strongest responses for spiders, beetles, vascular plants and birds. Most showed maximum diversity in pure EA landscapes. Birds benefited from UNM in EA\u2010dominated landscapes. Deadwood fungi showed highest diversity in UNM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>Synthesis and applications<\/jats:italic>. Our study shows that combining fine\u2010grained forest management and management abandonment at the landscape scale will reduce, rather than enhance, regional forest biodiversity. We found an even\u2010aged shelterwood management system alone operating at intermediate spatial scales and providing stands with high environmental heterogeneity was able to support regional biodiversity. However, some taxa require certain shares of uneven\u2010aged and unmanaged forests, emphasizing their general importance. We encourage using the here presented resampling approach to verify our results in forest landscapes of different composition and configuration across the temperate zone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T22:25:08Z","timestamp":1587421508000},"page":"1363-1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Can multi\u2010taxa diversity in European beech forest landscapes be increased by combining different management systems?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4808-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Schall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones University of G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen 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