{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:52:56Z","timestamp":1773327176566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aus Occup Therapy J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although circumstantial evidence suggests children with tic disorders (TD) experience challenges in handwriting which may be attributed to their tics, few studies have systematically investigated handwriting performance among children with TD. This study examined the relationship between handwriting deficits and TD using a causal comparative research design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010four children with TD completed the Test of Handwriting Skills\u2010Revised (THS\u2010R). The overall percentile ranks of the THS\u2010R were analysed to determine if children with TD have lower scores compared to the test's normative values. Writing speed, letter reversals, touching letters and case errors were also evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data revealed the median percentile rank of the THS\u2010R for the participants was significantly lower than the median percentile score of the THS\u2010R for the normative sample. Close to 80% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a027) of writing samples were scored below 50th percentile. More than one\u2010third (35.3%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012) of the writing samples were scored greater than one standard deviation below the normative mean on the THS\u2010R. Of the four ancillary scores, 82.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a028) of the participants\u2019 writing samples scored below 50th percentile (in the categories of watch or test further) on case errors and 67.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a023) scored below 50th percentile on writing speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggested that children with TD took longer to complete the writing task, and committed more case substitution errors than the normative sample of the THS\u2010R and were likely to exhibit handwriting deficits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T07:26:13Z","timestamp":1594625173000},"page":"563-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Handwriting skills of children with tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida Tourette Center of Excellence Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co\u2010 Director, TS Center of Excellence Children's of Alabama \/ University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5696-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hon K.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy School of Health Professions University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verna E.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy School of Health Professions University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karmen","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson County School System, and Children's of Alabama Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene A.","family":"Malaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Florida Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2901_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0653-2_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-010-0211-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1468798414522825"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Examining validity of the print tool compared with test of handwriting skills\u2010revised","volume":"39","author":"Donica D. 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