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In the present study, the effects of morphine and tramadol exposure during the neonatal and prepubertal periods on anxiety\u2010like behaviours in prepubertal rats were investigated. Male neonate rats were injected subcutaneously with saline, morphine or tramadol (3\u201321\u00a0mg\/kg) on a daily basis from postnatal Day (P) 8 to P14. On P22, rats were divided into seven groups (saline\/saline, saline\/tramadol, saline\/morphine, tramadol\/saline, tramadol\/tramadol, morphine\/saline and morphine\/morphine) and were injected with saline, tramadol or morphine for seven consecutive days. All rats were tested in an elevated plus maze (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPM<\/jats:styled-content>) on P24 (acute effects), P27 (chronic effects) and P29. Locomotor activity was increased by the second and third exposure to the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPM<\/jats:styled-content>. Re\u2010exposure to chronic morphine and tramadol resulted in increased locomotor activity, whereas acute and chronic administration of these drugs induced no notable difference. Anxiety decreased markedly after re\u2010exposure to tramadol and this anxiolytic\u2010like behaviour was more dominant in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPM<\/jats:styled-content>re\u2010exposure in rats that had received higher doses of tramadol. Re\u2010exposure to tramadol elicited a stronger anxiolytic\u2010like behaviour than re\u2010exposure to morphine. It can be concluded that repeated morphine and tramadol administration during the neonatal period followed by re\u2010exposure to these drugs at an immature stage produces considerable anxiolytic\u2010like behaviour. Exposure to chronic morphine and tramadol during the neonatal period may affect the developing brain, which may induce long\u2010term changes in the opioid response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T16:20:57Z","timestamp":1402417257000},"page":"838-843","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chronic morphine and tramadol re\u2010exposure induced an anti\u2010anxiety effect in prepubertal rats exposed neonatally to the same drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Morteza","family":"Gholami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Urmia Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Saboory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Research Center Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Khalkhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Faculty of Medicine Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2009_9"},{"volume-title":"Anatomy of Anxiety","year":"2004","author":"Sahley B","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2003.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211764"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90814-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00482-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004820050123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096813098668122984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200727010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199400471-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02166.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(91)90081-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199400471-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39454-1","article-title":"Supplementary and synergistic antinociceptive interaction between the enantiomers of tramadol","volume":"267","author":"Raffa R","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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