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Carvedilol has been shown to possess multiple biological and pharmacological properties. The of the present study was to investigate the possible protective effect of carvedilol in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> rats. An acute <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> rat model was established and neurological function was tested. After carvedilol (10\u00a0mg\/kg, oral gavage) treatment for 21\u00a0days, the status of osteoporosis, neuron damage, astrocyte activation, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated in rats. Carvedilol significantly improved locomotor activity that was decreased by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>. In addition, carvedilol promoted bone growth by regulating the expression of nuclear factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B ligand (receptor activator of nuclear factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B ligand; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANKL<\/jats:styled-content>) and osteoprotegerin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPG<\/jats:styled-content>), inactivating osteoclasts and thereby increasing bone mineral density in tibias. In addition, carvedilol reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced neural damage, increased neuron number and reduced astrocyte activation in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the production and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of tumour necrosis factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 were significantly reduced, reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity were markedly increased and malondialdehyde content was markedly decreased in the spinal cords of carvedilol\u2010treated rats. These results indicate that carvedilol exhibits anti\u2010inflammatory and anti\u2010oxidative effects in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> rats. In addition, the expression of Fas and Fas ligand was reduced by carvedilol treatment, which, in turn, reduced cleaved caspase 3 expression and finally decreased the number of apoptotic cells in the spinal cord. In conclusion, carvedilol promotes neurological function, reduces bone loss and attenuates cell damage after acute <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> in rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T13:16:11Z","timestamp":1416921371000},"page":"202-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Carvedilol promotes neurological function, reduces bone loss and attenuates cell damage after acute spinal cord injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Da","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(75)90057-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215506070313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00326-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200109000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00538-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/11387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)37006-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.5.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.93.1.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"CD001046","article-title":"Steroids for acute spinal cord injury","author":"Bracken MB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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