{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T10:03:05Z","timestamp":1760608985611,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pharma Physio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the effect of muscarinic M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonists on the rocuronium\u2010induced train of four (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>) fade and tetanic fade, respectively. Ex\u2010vivo phrenic nerves and diaphragms were obtained from adult Sprague\u2010Dawley rats and stabilized in Krebs buffer; the nerve\u2010stimulated muscle<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>fade was observed at 20\u00a0s intervals. For the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>study, phrenic nerves and diaphragms were incubated with pirenzepine (an M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>blocker) at concentrations of 0\u00a0nmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>(control), 10\u00a0nmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PZP<\/jats:styled-content>10), or 100\u00a0nmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PZP<\/jats:styled-content>100). Rocuronium was then administered incrementally until the first twitch tension had depressed by &gt;95% during<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>stimulation. The mean<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>ratios were compared when the first twitch tensions were depressed by 40%\u201050%. For the tetanic fade study, 50\u00a0Hz\/5\u00a0s tetani was applied initially, 30\u00a0min after the administration of a loading dose of rocuronium and methoctramine (an M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor blocker, loaded at 0\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>[control], 1\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>[<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MET<\/jats:styled-content>1], or 10\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>[<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MET<\/jats:styled-content>10]). The<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>of rocuronium was significantly lower in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PZP<\/jats:styled-content>10 group than in the control group. In the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PZP<\/jats:styled-content>10 group, the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>ratios at 50% and first twitch tension depression were significantly lower than those in the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.02). During tetanic stimulation, the tetanic fade was significantly enhanced in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MET<\/jats:styled-content>10 group compared to the other groups. This study shows that antagonists of muscarinic M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptors affect the rocuronium\u2010induced neuromuscular block as demonstrated by the reduced<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOF<\/jats:styled-content>ratios (M<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>antagonist, pirenzepine) or the enhanced 50\u2010Hz tetanic fade (M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>antagonist, methoctramine).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T14:36:36Z","timestamp":1491834996000},"page":"795-802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of presynaptic muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockade on neuromuscular transmission as assessed by the train\u2010of\u2010four and the tetanic fade response to rocuronium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2369-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Beom","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Gil Medical Center College of Medicine Gachon University Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Sangye Paik Hospital College of Medicine Inje University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyeong Chun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Gil Medical Center College of Medicine Gachon University Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ha Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Asan Medical Center College of Medicine Ulsan University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Jin","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Asan Medical Center College of Medicine Ulsan University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010Seuk","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Asan Medical Center College of Medicine Ulsan University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.769ad.x","article-title":"Presynaptic effects of muscarine on ACh release at the frog neuromuscular junction","volume":"514","author":"Parnas SH","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2011.05588.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02020.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2011.05476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-009-0790-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06959-8.00047-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"1606","volume-title":"Miller's Anesthesia","author":"Viby\u2010Mogensen J","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198110000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/59.9.1089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01362-0","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. 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