{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1776912032531,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003395","name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20161430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20161430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pharma Physio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of the current study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>) in Chinese patients and to further determine their glycaemic profiles through continuous glucose monitoring (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CGM<\/jats:styled-content>). Thirty subjects who were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> according to the 2012 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JDS<\/jats:styled-content> criteria were enrolled. Clinical characteristics were compared to those reported in Japanese <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>. All subjects received retrospective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CGM<\/jats:styled-content> for 3\u00a0days after being converted to subcutaneous insulin injection therapy. Chinese <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> patients presented with a shorter duration of symptoms (2.84\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.42\u00a0days vs 4.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.1\u00a0days, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01), worse islet function (fasting C\u2010peptide, 0.09\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.11\u00a0ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content> vs 0.30\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.21\u00a0ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>; 2\u2010hour C\u2010peptide, 0.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14\u00a0ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content> vs 0.30\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.30\u00a0ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, both <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01), lower prevalence of flu\u2010like symptoms (46.7% vs 71.4%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05), and a significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GADA<\/jats:styled-content> positive rate (23.3% vs 5.1%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01) when compared with Japanese patients. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CGM<\/jats:styled-content> results showed that the mean time in range (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIR<\/jats:styled-content>) of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> patients was 49.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022.1%, while mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAGE<\/jats:styled-content>) and standard deviations of sensor glucose (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDSG<\/jats:styled-content>) were 7.58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.59\u00a0mmol\/L and 3.19\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.22\u00a0mmol\/L, respectively, with nearly 1\/3 participants coefficient of variation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content>)\u00a0&gt;\u00a036% (all are male), suggesting a large glucose fluctuation. The female patients were further divided into pregnancy\u2010related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content>) and non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NPF<\/jats:styled-content>) subgroups (both n<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>5), and we found that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content> patients had a significantly higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIR<\/jats:styled-content> than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NPF<\/jats:styled-content> patients (77.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016.1% vs 41.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022.4%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05). There were heterogeneities in the clinical characteristics of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FT<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> patients, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CGM<\/jats:styled-content> results indicated a very low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIR<\/jats:styled-content> and large glucose fluctuation which needs careful attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T13:39:13Z","timestamp":1556890753000},"page":"806-812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fulminant type 1 diabetes: The clinical and continuous glucose monitoring characteristics in Chinese patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6240-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingwen","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Vigersky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Institute of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda Maryland"},{"name":"Medtronic Diabetes Northridge California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqian","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1534-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes Shanghai Diabetes Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/naika.97.3043"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"A case of fulminant type 1 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