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However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely defined in humans and its clinical efficacy has been inconclusive. As advanced age, disease, and drugs may confound <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content> mechanisms in patients, our aim is to measure whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content> evokes release of adenosine, bradykinin, met\u2010enkephalin, nitric oxide, and apolipoproteins in healthy young adults. Healthy subjects (n\u00a0=\u00a018, 9 males, 23\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.5\u00a0years old; 9 females, 23\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.8\u00a0years old) participated after informed consent. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content> was applied using a blood pressure cuff to the dominant arms for four cycles of 5\u2010minute cuff inflation (ischaemia) and 5\u2010minute cuff deflation (reperfusion). Blood was sampled at baseline and immediately after the final cuff deflation (Post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>). Baseline and Post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content> plasma levels of adenosine, bradykinin, met\u2010enkephalin, apolipoprotein A\u20101 (ApoA\u20101), apolipoprotein D (ApoD), and nitric oxide (as nitrite) were measured via <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> and high\u2010performance liquid chromatography. Mean (\u00b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>) baseline levels of adenosine, bradykinin, met\u2010enkephalin, ApoA\u20101, ApoD, and nitrite in healthy young adults were 13.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.5\u00a0ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, 2.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.9\u00a0\u03bcg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, 594.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0197.4\u00a0pg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, 3.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7\u00a0mg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, 22.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.0\u00a0\u03bcg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, and 49.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.4\u00a0nmol\/L, respectively. Post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content> adenosine and nitrite levels increased (59.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a037.9%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.0001; 32.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a019.5%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.0001), whereas met\u2010enkephalin and ApoD levels marginally decreased (5.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.0%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.04; 10.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020.5%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.04). Post\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content> levels were not influenced by sex, age, blood pressure, waist circumference, or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content> produces increased levels of adenosine and nitrites, and decreased met\u2010enkephalin and ApoD in the plasma of young healthy adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T16:39:26Z","timestamp":1564504766000},"page":"995-1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Remote ischaemic preconditioning modifies serum apolipoprotein D, met\u2010enkephalin, adenosine, and nitric oxide in healthy young adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Michelle 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