{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:13:23Z","timestamp":1785510803137,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pharma Physio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>) causes the potentially life\u2010threatening and chronic disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIDS<\/jats:styled-content>). The main target of this viral disease is to suppress the immune system and make the body unresponsive to external stimuli. According to global health observatory data since epidemic, more than 78 million people were affected by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and 39 million people died globally. Until 2017, 36.5 million people were living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>. An estimated 0.8% (0.6%\u20130.9%) of adults aged 15\u201349\u00a0years worldwide is living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>. The World Health Organization (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>) reported that the African region remains most severely affected, with nearly one in every 25 adults (4.1%) living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and accounting for nearly two\u2010thirds of the people living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> worldwide. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content> reported that globally only 21.7 million (19.1 million\u201322.6 million) people have had access to antiretroviral therapy up to 2017. Currently, antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) is available for the control of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> but has serious associated side effects such as lipodystrophy. Because of the limitations, associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>, researchers throughout the world are trying to explore and develop more reliable and safe drugs from natural resources to manage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. A wide range of medicinal plants have been studied and have reported significant potential against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>. Plants like <jats:italic>Rheum palmatum<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Rheum officinale<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Trigonostem axyphophylloides<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Vatica astrotricha<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Vernonia amygdalina<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Hypoxias pelargonium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Sidoides hemerocallidea<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sutherlandia frutescens<\/jats:italic> etc. have high efficacy to cure <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>. The exact mechanism of action is still not known but various phytoconstituents isolated from medicinal plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, proteins and coumarins have the potential to interrupt the life cycle of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> as well as act as immunomodulators to enhance the immune system of infected patients with no well reported side effects. It could be concluded that medicinal plants have potential for the management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIDS<\/jats:styled-content> but more studies are needed to reveal rigorous efficacy and safety concerns by conducting clinical trials at vast level to explore therapeutic impact of medicinal plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T20:33:40Z","timestamp":1564605220000},"page":"1063-1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Role of medicinal plants in HIV\/AIDS therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Umme","family":"Laila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eastern Medicine Directorate of Medical Sciences Government College University\u2010Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eastern Medicine Directorate of Medical Sciences Government College University\u2010Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Shariati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry (Semey Branch) Semey Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif Mehmmod","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Poonch Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naheed","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Poonch Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imtiaz Mahmood","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allied Health Professional Government College University\u2010Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aymen Owais","family":"Ghauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Rayaz College of Eastern Medicine Jinnah University for Women Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Government College University\u2010Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences Sargodha Medical College University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naheed","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allied Health Professional Government College University\u2010Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazala","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine University College of Conventional Medicine Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qamar","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Live Stock and Dairy Development Department (Research) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3832-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabia","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eastern Medicine Directorate of Medical Sciences Government College University\u2010Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"HIV\/AIDS JUNPo.Global HIV & AIDS statistics\u20142018 fact sheet. UNAIDS org.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1709","article-title":"A review on: aids and herbal remedies","volume":"2","author":"Kanta V","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200409240-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600841930"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2002.00017.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2006.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-3-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60498-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"HIV coreceptors: from discovery and designation to new paradigms and promise","volume":"12","author":"Alkhatib G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.10.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207779313696"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.020164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"HIV virology and pathogenetic mechanisms of infection: a brief overview","volume":"46","author":"Fanales\u2010Belasio E","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.02.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007161"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11164.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60038-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8934362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-4-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199608010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(97)85587-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00093a004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Anti\u2010HIV\u20101 activity of phenolic compounds isolated from Diospyros lotus fruits","volume":"3","author":"Rashed K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(93)90006-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"A review of chemical components and pharmacological effects of Melissa officinalis L","volume":"8","author":"Miraj S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Der Pharmacia Lettre"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-009-0176-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02857422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"785","article-title":"Anti\u2010HIV\u20101 integrase activity of medicinal plants used as self medication by AIDS patients","volume":"28","author":"Tewtrakul S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Songklanakarin J Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00265-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v8i5.48090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-012-9440-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2010.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-5-28"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np9700275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00038a003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3109(93)90010-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-011-0513-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np990633v"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on blood glucose and triglyceride levels of alloxan\u2010induced diabetic rats (Rattus rattus)","volume":"1","author":"Akah P","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np000372l"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-20058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-818006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np020029b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np50104a003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2880717"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00009-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01023-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960792"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00463a029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np970171q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90120-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","first-page":"800","article-title":"What e\u2010Health can offer","volume":"82","author":"Kwankam SY","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Evaluation of the HIV\u20101 reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties of extracts from some medicinal plants in Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Rukunga GM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Afr J Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","unstructured":"McDanielH PulseT WatsonT McAnalleyB.Prediction and results obtained using Acemannan (ACE\u2010M) in 41 symptomatic HIV patients.Proceed. IV Inter. Conference on AIDS.1988;7:50\u201052."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np020379y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(88)90001-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(88)90019-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20075"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.14.6.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-9-29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.43.641"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200008)14:5<333::AID-PTR584>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2010.02.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2004.000-2109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.06.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Anti\u2010HIV diterpenes from Coleus forskohlii","volume":"4","author":"Bodiwala HS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1088395"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-951748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200902988645"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13151","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13151","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13151","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T19:04:52Z","timestamp":1694199892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1440-1681.13151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1440-1681.13151","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1870","1440-1681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1870","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}