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Cocaine non\u2010specifically increases dopamine transmission by blocking dopamine active transporter (DAT) and evokes behavioural arousal, whereas haloperidol is a non\u2010specific D2\u2010like dopamine receptor antagonist with sedative effects. Interestingly, dopamine has been found to affect immune cells in addition to its action in the central nervous system. Here, we address the possible interactions between haloperidol and cocaine and their effects on both immune cells and behaviour in freely moving rats. We use an intravenous model of haloperidol and binge cocaine administration to evaluate the drugs' impact on the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in both the peripheral blood and the spleen. We assess the drugs' behavioural effects by measuring locomotor activity. Cocaine evoked a pronounced locomotor response and stereotypic behaviours, both of which were completely blocked after pretreatment with haloperidol. The results suggest that blood lymphopenia, which was induced by haloperidol and cocaine (except for natural killer T cells), is independent of D2\u2010like dopaminergic activity and most likely results from the massive secretion of corticosterone. Haloperidol pretreatment prevented the cocaine\u2010induced decrease in NKT cell numbers. Moreover, the increased systemic D2\u2010like dopaminergic activity after cocaine administration is a significant factor in retaining T CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocytes and non\u2010T\/NK CD45RA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells in the spleen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T18:26:12Z","timestamp":1676744772000},"page":"453-462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intravenous haloperidol and cocaine alter the distribution of T <scp>CD3<\/scp><sup>+<\/sup><scp>CD4<\/scp><sup>+<\/sup>, <scp>non\u2010T<\/scp>\/<scp>NK<\/scp> and <scp>NKT<\/scp> cells in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej M.","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology University of Gdansk  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogna M.","family":"Ignatowska\u2010Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology University of Gdansk  Gdansk Poland"},{"name":"Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University  Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Glac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology University of Gdansk  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Wiergowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Medical University of Gdansk  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Kazmierska\u2010Grebowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Lodz  Lodz Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur H.","family":"Swiergiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology University of Gdansk  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00693-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.111976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01370-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(97)00037-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00116-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.895739"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118788830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X211047057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00438.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2004.03972.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"UnoodaL.World drug report 2021 (Set Of 5 Booklets). 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