{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:49:28Z","timestamp":1768304968348,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pharma Physio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metformin, a well\u2010established anti\u2010diabetic drug, is also used in managing various other metabolic disorders including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). There are evidences to show that metformin improves endometrial functions in PCOS women. However, fewer studies have explored the direct effects of metformin on endometrium. Previous in vitro studies have shown that therapeutic serum concentrations of metformin enhance endometrial epithelial cell proliferation. The present study was undertaken to investigate in vivo effects of metformin on endometrial proliferation in a rat model of thin endometrium. Toward this, a rat model of thin endometrium was developed. Metformin (0.1% or 1% w\/v) was administrated orally for 15\u2009days in rats with thin endometrium. Oral metformin administration for three consecutive estrous cycles (15\u2009days) in the thin endometrium rat model led to an increase in endometrial thickness compared to sham endometrium. Histological analysis showed a significant increase in the number of endometrial glands (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), stromal cells (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and blood vessels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) in metformin\u2010treated (n\u2009=\u200910 in each group) uterine horns compared to sham (saline\u2010treated) uterine horns in rats. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and vascular epithelial growth factor was found to be upregulated on treatment with 1% metformin\u2010treated group (n\u2009=\u20097). However, pregnancy outcomes in the rats treated with metformin remained unaltered despite the restoration of endometrial thickness. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that metformin ameliorates endometrial thickness in a rat model of thin endometrium by increasing endometrial proliferation and angiogenesis, without restoration of embryo implantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:24:50Z","timestamp":1713227090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metformin ameliorates endometrial thickness in a rat model of thin endometrium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Imran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory ICMR\u2010National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Khandvilkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Physiology 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