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Our study evaluated the effects of JPTQ on several factors, including tumour growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial\u2010to\u2010mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immune microenvironment regulation. We used bioluminescence imaging to observe in situ tumour growth and potential lung metastasis. Transcriptomic analysis provided insights into gene expression, whereas flow cytometry was used to examine changes in specific immune cells, such as CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and myeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells. Several essential proteins and genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloprotein\u20109 (MMP\u20109) and B\u2010cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl\u20102), were assessed through quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our findings showed that JPTQ treatment inhibited tumour proliferation in cancer\u2010bearing mice. Bioluminescence imaging and pathological analysis indicated a reduction in lung metastasis. Transcriptome analysis of lung and tumour tissues indicated that the genes associated with EMT, angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis were regulated in the JPTQ\u2010treated group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested enrichment of immune\u2010related pathways. Flow cytometry indicated that JPTQ treatment reduced the proportion of monocyte\u2013myeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells in the lung and increased the number of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the peripheral blood and the number of T helper 1 (Th1) cells in the spleen (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). E\u2010cadherin and cleaved caspase 3 were upregulated, whereas Snail, Bcl\u20102, Ki67 and VEGF were downregulated in the lung and tumour tissues; moreover, the expression of MMP\u20109 was downregulated in the lung tissue (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In essence, JPTQ not only inhibits tumour growth in affected mice, but also promotes positive immune responses, reduces angiogenesis, boosts tumour cell apoptosis, reverses EMT and decreases breast cancer lung metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T23:30:02Z","timestamp":1717716602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Jianpi\u2010Tiaoqi decoction inhibits tumour proliferation and lung metastasis in tumour\u2010bearing mice with triple\u2010negative breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University)  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine 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