{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:18:34Z","timestamp":1786371514045,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pharma Physio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sodium salicylate (SS) causes hearing damage and tinnitus in humans and animals. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has strong antioxidant and anti\u2010apoptotic effects, but whether it can protect the cochlea is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>SS was used to induce cochlear injury in rats, followed by 150, 300 and 600\u2009mg\/kg CGA treatment. The changes of tinnitus behaviour in each group were detected by auditory brainstem response (ABR), behavioural test, beam balance, Preyer reflex and auditory startle test. The levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were detected by kit. The pathological damage of cochlea was detected by HE staining, immunofluorescence staining, succinate dehydrogenase staining, and toluidine blue staining. The apoptosis of outer hair cell and spiral ganglion cell and TLR4\/NF\u2010\u03baB pathway were detected by TUNEL staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After SS induction, the ABR threshold, EP score and beam balance score of the rats increased significantly, and the AA score, Preyer reflex and auditory startle response decreased significantly; that is, the cochlear injury model was successfully constructed. Together, the levels of oxidative indexes (ROS, MDA) and inflammatory indexes (TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2) in rats after cochlear injury were significantly increased, and the spiral ganglion, organ of Corti, outer hair cells and nerve fibres of cochlear tissue were severely damaged. The outer hair cell and spiral ganglion cell were significantly apoptotic, and the number of TLR4 positive cells, NF\u2010\u03baB p65 fluorescence intensity and protein level in the cochlea of rats were significantly increased. However, after CGA treatment, the above indicators were significantly improved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CGA can reduce SS\u2010induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the cochlea through restraining the TLR4\/NF\u2010\u03baB pathway, improve the pathological damage of the cochlea and reduce ototoxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.70067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:31:20Z","timestamp":1756189880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chlorogenic Acid Improves Salicylic Acid\u2010Induced Cochlear Injury by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response Through <scp>TLR4<\/scp>\/<scp>NF<\/scp>\u2010<scp>\u03baB<\/scp> Signalling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21932-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104927"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e41203"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2025.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101364"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.82003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01219-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040810"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.04.012"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Improves Hearing Level via Attenuating TLR4\/NF\u2010\u03baB Mediated Inflammation in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients","volume":"33","author":"Liu X. 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