{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:23:20Z","timestamp":1773807800018,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014786","name":"Northern Border University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NBU\u2010CRP\u20102026\u20102510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBU\u2010CRP\u20102026\u20102510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pharma Physio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The present study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of garlic essential oil nanoemulsion (GEONE) against high\u2010fat diet (HFD)\u2010induced liver injury and metabolic disturbances, compared to crude garlic essential oil (GEO). Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, GEO\u2010treated (40\u2009mg\/kg), GEONE\u2010treated (40\u2009mg\/kg), HFD\u2010fed and HFD combined with either GEO or GEONE (40\u2009mg\/kg) for 4\u2009weeks following 16\u2009weeks of HFD feeding. GEONE demonstrated superior hepatoprotective activity compared with crude GEO, effectively ameliorating metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia and liver dysfunction, in HFD\u2010fed rats. This effect was associated with attenuation of lipid peroxidation, enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and elevated reduced glutathione levels. GEONE also upregulated the expression of key antioxidant genes,\n                    <jats:italic>Nrf2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>HO\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>NQO1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting activation of cytoprotective pathways. Furthermore, GEONE mitigated HFD\u2010induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>TLR3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL\u20106<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In addition, co\u2010treatment with GEONE suppressed pro\u2010apoptotic gene expression (\n                    <jats:italic>Bax<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>caspase\u20103<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) while enhancing anti\u2010apoptotic\n                    <jats:italic>Bcl\u20102<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels, indicating protection against hepatocyte apoptosis. Histopathological and ultrastructural analyses confirmed the previous biochemical findings. Overall, GEONE provides effective protection against HFD\u2010induced liver injury by activating the Nrf2\/HO\u20101 antioxidant defence system and suppressing the TLR4\/NF\u2010\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammatory cascade.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:16:29Z","timestamp":1773303389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatoprotection by Garlic Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Through Nrf2\u2010Mediated Antioxidant Response and Inhibition of\n                    <scp>TLR4<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>NF<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>\u03baB<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>NLRP3<\/scp>\n                    Axis in High\u2010Fat Diet\u2010Fed Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Saleh","family":"Alfawaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University  Arar Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huda A.","family":"Al Doghaither","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayat B.","family":"Al\u2010Ghafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Editome: Precision Gene Editing Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahd A.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Najem","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University  Arar Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekramy M.","family":"Elmorsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research Northern Border University  Arar Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwa Mahmoud Fawzy","family":"Atta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Egyptian Chinese University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Megahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mansoura University  Mansour Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2022.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-0119-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17158"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57080822"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00800-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041786"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64872-5_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111847"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1277074"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Curative Effect of Garlic on Alcoholic Liver Diseased Patients","volume":"3","author":"Mirunalini S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0301-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1479868"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-010-0042-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12128878"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf500803c"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2025.107385"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111869"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112935"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109864"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9895485"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415791"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labinv.2023.100129"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/KMSA5983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10121-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146962"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-024-00187-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030375"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0275-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/ABiol.62.2011.3.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020174"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02278-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040347"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2024.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03696-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-022-01287-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3253"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/hraIsh2101001M"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8070246"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134777"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01597"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1524544"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.2028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040432"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00462-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000438993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.951"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.985363"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0408-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i25.2661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02168-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.076"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","first-page":"1536","article-title":"Garlic Oil Suppresses High\u2010Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Rats Through the Upregulation of UCP\u20101 and the Enhancement of Energy Expenditure","volume":"19","author":"Kagawa Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2021.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.954938"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1440-1681.70115","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1440-1681.70115","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1440-1681.70115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:23:23Z","timestamp":1773804203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1440-1681.70115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1440-1681.70115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1440-1681.70115","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-1870","1440-1681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-1870","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70115"}}