{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T23:38:29Z","timestamp":1772494709194,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]],"date-time":"2015-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003752","name":"Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CE110001021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE110001021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP110102479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP110102479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD057606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD057606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five\u2010year\u2010olds with specific language impairment (SLI) often struggle with mastering grammatical morphemes. It has been proposed that <jats:italic>verbal<\/jats:italic> morphology is particularly problematic in this respect. Previous research has also shown that in young typically developing children grammatical markers appear later in more phonologically challenging contexts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main aim was to explore whether grammatical deficits in children with SLI are <jats:italic>morphosyntactic<\/jats:italic> in nature, or whether <jats:italic>phonological<\/jats:italic> factors also explain some of the variability in morpheme production. The analysis considered the effects of the same phonological factors on the production of three different morphemes: two verbal (past tense \u2010<jats:italic>ed<\/jats:italic>; third\u2010person singular <jats:italic>\u2010s<\/jats:italic>) and one nominal morpheme (possessive <jats:italic>\u2010s<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants were 30 children with SLI (21 boys) aged 4;6\u20135;11 years (mean = 5;1). The data were collected during grammar test sessions, which consisted of question\/answer elicitations of target forms involving picture props. A total of 2301 items were analysed using binary logistic regression; the predictors included: (1) <jats:italic>utterance position<\/jats:italic> of the target word, (2) <jats:italic>phonological complexity<\/jats:italic> of its coda, (3) <jats:italic>voicing<\/jats:italic> of the final stem consonant, (4) <jats:italic>syllabicity<\/jats:italic> (allomorph type) and (5) <jats:italic>participant<\/jats:italic> accounting for the individual differences in the responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed a robust effect of <jats:italic>syllabicity<\/jats:italic> on the correct morpheme production. Specifically, syllabic allomorphs (e.g., <jats:italic>She dress<jats:styled-content>es<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) were significantly more challenging than the segmental ones (e.g., <jats:italic>He run<jats:styled-content>s<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) for all three morphemes. The effects of other factors were observed only for a single morpheme: <jats:italic>coda complexity<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>voicing<\/jats:italic> helped explain variability in past tense production, and <jats:italic>utterance position<\/jats:italic> significantly affected children's performance with the possessive. The <jats:italic>participant<\/jats:italic> factor also had a significant effect, indicating high within\u2010group variability \u2010 often observed in SLI population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The systematic effect of <jats:italic>syllabicity<\/jats:italic> across both verbal and nominal morphemes suggests morphophonological influences in the grammatical development of children with SLI that cannot be fully explained by syntactic deficits. Poorer performance in producing syllabic allomorphs can be accounted for by much lower overall frequency of these forms, and by the \u2018tongue\u2010twisting\u2019 effect of producing similar segments in succession, as in <jats:italic>added<\/jats:italic> [\u00e6<jats:styled-content>d<\/jats:styled-content>\u0259<jats:styled-content>d<\/jats:styled-content>], <jats:italic>washes<\/jats:italic> [w\u0252<jats:styled-content>\u0283<\/jats:styled-content>\u0259<jats:styled-content>z<\/jats:styled-content>]. Interestingly, the greater acoustic salience of the syllabic allomorphs (an extra syllable) does not enhance children's abilities to produce them. These findings suggest that the interconnections between different levels of language have a stronger effect on the grammatical development of children with SLI than might be expected. <jats:italic>Allomorphy<\/jats:italic> should, therefore, be taken into account when designing language assessments and speech therapy, ensuring that children receive sufficient practice with the entire set of allomorphic variants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]],"date-time":"2015-02-19T17:02:57Z","timestamp":1424365377000},"page":"516-528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Phonological and morphophonological effects on grammatical development in children with specific language impairment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Tomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University  North Ryde NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Demuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University  North Ryde NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Smith\u2010Lock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Department of Cognitive Science Macquarie University  North Ryde NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Petocz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Macquarie University  North Ryde NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Adaptive Test","author":"Accardo P. J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1958.11659661"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300895.ch47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Language Development: Form and Function in Emerging Grammars","author":"Bloom L.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674732469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"First Language Acquisition","author":"Clark E. V.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4003.480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4205.1195"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820410001734163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.2202.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309060490020201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4305.1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"The Abilities of Young Children","author":"Griffiths R.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500090100469X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(02)00506-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Children with Specific Language Impairment","author":"Leonard L. B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327817LA0803_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk","author":"Macwhinney B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4201.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820802591643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14417040701261509"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/12-0163)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000913000093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/015)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4001.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723711406431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.783113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3804.850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"597","article-title":"Prosodic constraints and the learner's environment: a corpus study","volume":"24","author":"Roark B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000912000414"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3603.533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.777851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/07-0258)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/10-0035)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of IntelligenceTM\u2014Third Edition (WPPSITM\u2014III)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511627705.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","volume-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool\u2014Second Edition, Australian and New Zealand Standardised Edition (CELF P\u20102 Australian and New Zealand)","author":"Wiig E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition (PLS\u20104) Australian Language Adapted","author":"Zimmerman I.","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1460-6984.12152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T07:56:45Z","timestamp":1696233405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.12152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12152","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-11-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}